Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate
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2026
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| author | Parc, Léna Cadieux, Charles Grieves, Nolan Bouchy, François L'Heureux, Alexandrine Dorn, Caroline Steinmeyer, Marie-Luise Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Allart, Romain Artigau, Etienne Astudillo-Defru, Nicola Bonfils, Xavier Carteret, Yann Cloutier, Ryan Cointepas, Marion Collins, Karen A. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Dumusque, Xavier Gan, Tianjun Hernández, Jonay I. González Helled, Ravit Lendl, Monika Mignon, Lucile Psaridi, Angelica Santos, Nuno C. Schwarz, Richard P. Venturini, Julia |
| author_facet | Parc, Léna Cadieux, Charles Grieves, Nolan Bouchy, François L'Heureux, Alexandrine Dorn, Caroline Steinmeyer, Marie-Luise Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Allart, Romain Artigau, Etienne Astudillo-Defru, Nicola Bonfils, Xavier Carteret, Yann Cloutier, Ryan Cointepas, Marion Collins, Karen A. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Dumusque, Xavier Gan, Tianjun Hernández, Jonay I. González Helled, Ravit Lendl, Monika Mignon, Lucile Psaridi, Angelica Santos, Nuno C. Schwarz, Richard P. Venturini, Julia |
| contents | We present the characterization of two planetary systems orbiting the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A (M3.5V) and TOI-4342 (M0V), each hosting two transiting planets previously validated with TESS and ground-based observations. We refined the photometry of the TOI-4342 system using TESS and LCOGT data, and characterized the host stars with NIRPS and ESPRESSO spectroscopy. High-precision ESPRESSO radial velocities allowed us to constrain the planetary masses and investigate their potential compositions. The TOI-4336 A system is composed of a sub-Neptune with a period of 16.34 days, a radius of $2.14 \pm 0.08$ Re, and a mass of $3.33 \pm 0.36$ Me, along with an inner super-Earth on a 7.59-day orbit with a radius of $1.25 \pm 0.07$ Re and a mass of $1.55 \pm 0.13$ Me. The TOI-4342 system hosts two sub-Neptunes of similar sizes ($2.33 \pm 0.09$ Re and $2.35 \pm 0.09$ Re), with periods of 5.54 and 10.69 days. Their masses are measured to be $7.3 \pm 1.3$ Me and $4.8 \pm 1.4$ Me, respectively. The RVs also reveal a planet candidate around TOI-4342, likely non-transiting, with a period of 47.5 days and a minimum mass of $17.8 \pm 3.0$ Me. With precise radii and masses, we derived bulk densities and explored possible compositions. The TOI-4336 A sub-Neptune and super-Earth have densities of $1.87 \pm 0.30$ and $4.35 \pm 0.79$ g cm$^{-3}$, while the two similar-sized sub-Neptunes in TOI-4342 show distinct densities of $3.18 \pm 0.67$ and $2.01 \pm 0.63$ g cm$^{-3}$. All four planets are excellent targets for future atmospheric characterization with JWST, and their multi-planet nature makes them especially interesting for comparative planetology. Notably, TOI-4336 A b stands out as one of the best-known targets in its size and temperature regime, with a TSM of 138, comparable to benchmark planets such as K2-18 b and LHS 1140 b. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2601_22115 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate Parc, Léna Cadieux, Charles Grieves, Nolan Bouchy, François L'Heureux, Alexandrine Dorn, Caroline Steinmeyer, Marie-Luise Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Allart, Romain Artigau, Etienne Astudillo-Defru, Nicola Bonfils, Xavier Carteret, Yann Cloutier, Ryan Cointepas, Marion Collins, Karen A. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Dumusque, Xavier Gan, Tianjun Hernández, Jonay I. González Helled, Ravit Lendl, Monika Mignon, Lucile Psaridi, Angelica Santos, Nuno C. Schwarz, Richard P. Venturini, Julia Earth and Planetary Astrophysics We present the characterization of two planetary systems orbiting the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A (M3.5V) and TOI-4342 (M0V), each hosting two transiting planets previously validated with TESS and ground-based observations. We refined the photometry of the TOI-4342 system using TESS and LCOGT data, and characterized the host stars with NIRPS and ESPRESSO spectroscopy. High-precision ESPRESSO radial velocities allowed us to constrain the planetary masses and investigate their potential compositions. The TOI-4336 A system is composed of a sub-Neptune with a period of 16.34 days, a radius of $2.14 \pm 0.08$ Re, and a mass of $3.33 \pm 0.36$ Me, along with an inner super-Earth on a 7.59-day orbit with a radius of $1.25 \pm 0.07$ Re and a mass of $1.55 \pm 0.13$ Me. The TOI-4342 system hosts two sub-Neptunes of similar sizes ($2.33 \pm 0.09$ Re and $2.35 \pm 0.09$ Re), with periods of 5.54 and 10.69 days. Their masses are measured to be $7.3 \pm 1.3$ Me and $4.8 \pm 1.4$ Me, respectively. The RVs also reveal a planet candidate around TOI-4342, likely non-transiting, with a period of 47.5 days and a minimum mass of $17.8 \pm 3.0$ Me. With precise radii and masses, we derived bulk densities and explored possible compositions. The TOI-4336 A sub-Neptune and super-Earth have densities of $1.87 \pm 0.30$ and $4.35 \pm 0.79$ g cm$^{-3}$, while the two similar-sized sub-Neptunes in TOI-4342 show distinct densities of $3.18 \pm 0.67$ and $2.01 \pm 0.63$ g cm$^{-3}$. All four planets are excellent targets for future atmospheric characterization with JWST, and their multi-planet nature makes them especially interesting for comparative planetology. Notably, TOI-4336 A b stands out as one of the best-known targets in its size and temperature regime, with a TSM of 138, comparable to benchmark planets such as K2-18 b and LHS 1140 b. |
| title | Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22115 |