What Drives the Bimodal Distribution of Eddington-Scaled Radio Luminosity in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies?

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Main Authors: Wójtowicz, A., Werner, N., Stawarz, Ł., Cheung, C. C.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Wójtowicz, A.
Werner, N.
Stawarz, Ł.
Cheung, C. C.
author_facet Wójtowicz, A.
Werner, N.
Stawarz, Ł.
Cheung, C. C.
contents {Early-type galaxies host low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, traced by radio emission spanning parsec- to kiloparsec scales.} {We investigate the Eddington-scaled radio luminosity distribution of 117 nearby early-type galaxies to test for bimodality and assess the role of host-galaxy properties, extending results from a 62-galaxy sample \cite{Wojtowicz2023}.} {We compile galaxies with directly measured black hole masses and 1.4,GHz and 3,GHz flux densities. Statistical tests assess bimodality, while VLASS imaging, host-galaxy kinematics, and central stellar structure characterize radio-dim and -bright sources.} {Using the 117-galaxy sample, we confirm that $L_{\rm 1.4,GHz}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$ is bimodal, with an antimode at $\approx -8.6$, which disappears when black hole masses are inferred from the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\star$ relation. Radio-bright galaxies host resolved jets, while radio-dim systems show compact nuclear emission often exceeding that expected from star formation (FIR-radio correlation). Radio-bright galaxies are mainly slow rotators with depleted cores; radio-dim galaxies are predominantly fast rotators.} {Nearby early-type galaxies show a clear bimodality in Eddington-scaled radio luminosity, separating compact, radio-dim nuclei from extended, radio-bright systems. The dichotomy correlates with host-galaxy kinematics and central structure, indicating that sustained jet production depends primarily on galaxy assembly history and feeding mode rather than black hole mass or accretion rate alone. Radio-dim emission likely reflects intermittent, stochastic delivery of magnetized gas, plausibly via tidal disruption of giant-branch stars near the SMBH.}
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_01495
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle What Drives the Bimodal Distribution of Eddington-Scaled Radio Luminosity in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies?
Wójtowicz, A.
Werner, N.
Stawarz, Ł.
Cheung, C. C.
Astrophysics of Galaxies
{Early-type galaxies host low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, traced by radio emission spanning parsec- to kiloparsec scales.} {We investigate the Eddington-scaled radio luminosity distribution of 117 nearby early-type galaxies to test for bimodality and assess the role of host-galaxy properties, extending results from a 62-galaxy sample \cite{Wojtowicz2023}.} {We compile galaxies with directly measured black hole masses and 1.4,GHz and 3,GHz flux densities. Statistical tests assess bimodality, while VLASS imaging, host-galaxy kinematics, and central stellar structure characterize radio-dim and -bright sources.} {Using the 117-galaxy sample, we confirm that $L_{\rm 1.4,GHz}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$ is bimodal, with an antimode at $\approx -8.6$, which disappears when black hole masses are inferred from the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\star$ relation. Radio-bright galaxies host resolved jets, while radio-dim systems show compact nuclear emission often exceeding that expected from star formation (FIR-radio correlation). Radio-bright galaxies are mainly slow rotators with depleted cores; radio-dim galaxies are predominantly fast rotators.} {Nearby early-type galaxies show a clear bimodality in Eddington-scaled radio luminosity, separating compact, radio-dim nuclei from extended, radio-bright systems. The dichotomy correlates with host-galaxy kinematics and central structure, indicating that sustained jet production depends primarily on galaxy assembly history and feeding mode rather than black hole mass or accretion rate alone. Radio-dim emission likely reflects intermittent, stochastic delivery of magnetized gas, plausibly via tidal disruption of giant-branch stars near the SMBH.}
title What Drives the Bimodal Distribution of Eddington-Scaled Radio Luminosity in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies?
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01495