Tilt-Ropter: A Novel Hybrid Aerial and Terrestrial Vehicle with Tilt Rotors and Passive Wheels

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Wang, Ruoyu, Liu, Xuchen, Wu, Zongzhou, Guo, Zixuan, Ding, Wendi, Chen, Ben M.
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2026
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author Wang, Ruoyu
Liu, Xuchen
Wu, Zongzhou
Guo, Zixuan
Ding, Wendi
Chen, Ben M.
author_facet Wang, Ruoyu
Liu, Xuchen
Wu, Zongzhou
Guo, Zixuan
Ding, Wendi
Chen, Ben M.
contents In this work, we present Tilt-Ropter, a novel hybrid aerial-terrestrial vehicle (HATV) that combines tilt rotors with passive wheels to achieve energy-efficient multi-mode locomotion. Unlike existing under-actuated HATVs, the fully actuated design of Tilt-Ropter enables decoupled force and torque control, greatly enhancing its mobility and environmental adaptability. A nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) is developed to track reference trajectories and handle contact constraints across locomotion modes, while a dedicated control allocation module exploits actuation redundancy to achieve energy-efficient control of actuators. Additionally, to enhance robustness during ground contact, we introduce an external wrench estimation algorithm that estimates environmental interaction forces and torques in real time. The system is validated through both simulation and real-world experiments, including seamless air-ground transitions and trajectory tracking. Results show low tracking errors in both modes and highlight a 92.8% reduction in power consumption during ground locomotion, demonstrating the system's potential for long-duration missions across large-scale and energy-constrained environments.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_01700
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Tilt-Ropter: A Novel Hybrid Aerial and Terrestrial Vehicle with Tilt Rotors and Passive Wheels
Wang, Ruoyu
Liu, Xuchen
Wu, Zongzhou
Guo, Zixuan
Ding, Wendi
Chen, Ben M.
Robotics
In this work, we present Tilt-Ropter, a novel hybrid aerial-terrestrial vehicle (HATV) that combines tilt rotors with passive wheels to achieve energy-efficient multi-mode locomotion. Unlike existing under-actuated HATVs, the fully actuated design of Tilt-Ropter enables decoupled force and torque control, greatly enhancing its mobility and environmental adaptability. A nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) is developed to track reference trajectories and handle contact constraints across locomotion modes, while a dedicated control allocation module exploits actuation redundancy to achieve energy-efficient control of actuators. Additionally, to enhance robustness during ground contact, we introduce an external wrench estimation algorithm that estimates environmental interaction forces and torques in real time. The system is validated through both simulation and real-world experiments, including seamless air-ground transitions and trajectory tracking. Results show low tracking errors in both modes and highlight a 92.8% reduction in power consumption during ground locomotion, demonstrating the system's potential for long-duration missions across large-scale and energy-constrained environments.
title Tilt-Ropter: A Novel Hybrid Aerial and Terrestrial Vehicle with Tilt Rotors and Passive Wheels
topic Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01700