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Main Authors: Carolillo, Davide, Jia, Yifan, Khoussainov, Bakh, Sklinos, Rizos
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01819
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author Carolillo, Davide
Jia, Yifan
Khoussainov, Bakh
Sklinos, Rizos
author_facet Carolillo, Davide
Jia, Yifan
Khoussainov, Bakh
Sklinos, Rizos
contents Building on work of Maltsev on locally free algebras in finite purely functional languages, we revisit the model theory of (absolutely free) term algebras and their completions. Maltsev's analysis yields a natural axiomatization together with quantifier elimination to positive Boolean combinations of special formulas, and shows that the complete extensions are parametrized exactly by the number $k\in\{0,1,\dots,ω\}$ of indecomposable elements; for $1\le k\leω$ the standard model is the free term algebra on $k$ generators. We give a new, quantifier-elimination--free proof of completeness using Ehrenfeucht--Fraïssé games, and we establish several further structural properties of the standard models and theories. In particular, for $1\le k\leω$ we prove first-order rigidity and atomicity of the standard model. For every $0\le k\leω$ we show that the corresponding theory does not have the finite cover property and weakly eliminates imaginaries. We also provide new proofs of stability-theoretic features previously obtained by Belegradek: the theories are stable but not superstable, normal (hence $1$-based), and have trivial forking; consequently, no infinite group is interpretable in any model. Finally, we analyze model completeness and show that $T_0$ is the model companion of the theory of locally free algebras, while the theories with $k\ge 1$ are not model complete.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_01819
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Model theory of term algebras revisited
Carolillo, Davide
Jia, Yifan
Khoussainov, Bakh
Sklinos, Rizos
Logic
Building on work of Maltsev on locally free algebras in finite purely functional languages, we revisit the model theory of (absolutely free) term algebras and their completions. Maltsev's analysis yields a natural axiomatization together with quantifier elimination to positive Boolean combinations of special formulas, and shows that the complete extensions are parametrized exactly by the number $k\in\{0,1,\dots,ω\}$ of indecomposable elements; for $1\le k\leω$ the standard model is the free term algebra on $k$ generators. We give a new, quantifier-elimination--free proof of completeness using Ehrenfeucht--Fraïssé games, and we establish several further structural properties of the standard models and theories. In particular, for $1\le k\leω$ we prove first-order rigidity and atomicity of the standard model. For every $0\le k\leω$ we show that the corresponding theory does not have the finite cover property and weakly eliminates imaginaries. We also provide new proofs of stability-theoretic features previously obtained by Belegradek: the theories are stable but not superstable, normal (hence $1$-based), and have trivial forking; consequently, no infinite group is interpretable in any model. Finally, we analyze model completeness and show that $T_0$ is the model companion of the theory of locally free algebras, while the theories with $k\ge 1$ are not model complete.
title Model theory of term algebras revisited
topic Logic
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01819