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Main Authors: Lauga, Guillaume, Vaiter, Samuel
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02022
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author Lauga, Guillaume
Vaiter, Samuel
author_facet Lauga, Guillaume
Vaiter, Samuel
contents Proximal operators are now ubiquitous in non-smooth optimization. Since their introduction in the seminal work of Moreau, many papers have shown their effectiveness on a wide variety of problems, culminating in their use to construct convergent deep learning methods. The characterization of these operators for non-convex penalties was completed recently in [Gribonval et al, A characterization of proximity operators, 2020]. In this paper, we propose to follow this line of work by characterizing inexact proximal operators, thus providing an answer to what constitutes a good approximation of these operators. We propose several definitions of approximations and discuss their regularity, approximation power, and their fixed points. Equipped with these characterizations, we investigate the convergence of proximal algorithms in the presence of errors that may be non-summable and/or non-vanishing. In particular, we look at the proximal point algorithm, and at the forward-backward, Peaceman-Rachford and Douglas-Rachford algorithms when we minimize the sum of a weakly convex function (whose proximal operator is approximated) and a strongly convex function.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_02022
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Characterizations of inexact proximal operators
Lauga, Guillaume
Vaiter, Samuel
Optimization and Control
Proximal operators are now ubiquitous in non-smooth optimization. Since their introduction in the seminal work of Moreau, many papers have shown their effectiveness on a wide variety of problems, culminating in their use to construct convergent deep learning methods. The characterization of these operators for non-convex penalties was completed recently in [Gribonval et al, A characterization of proximity operators, 2020]. In this paper, we propose to follow this line of work by characterizing inexact proximal operators, thus providing an answer to what constitutes a good approximation of these operators. We propose several definitions of approximations and discuss their regularity, approximation power, and their fixed points. Equipped with these characterizations, we investigate the convergence of proximal algorithms in the presence of errors that may be non-summable and/or non-vanishing. In particular, we look at the proximal point algorithm, and at the forward-backward, Peaceman-Rachford and Douglas-Rachford algorithms when we minimize the sum of a weakly convex function (whose proximal operator is approximated) and a strongly convex function.
title Characterizations of inexact proximal operators
topic Optimization and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02022