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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02541 |
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Table of Contents:
- Traditional balance-of-payments (BoP) analysis treats national external positions as largely idiosyncratic time series. This misses an essential structural fact: global imbalances are jointly realized on a directed, weighted network of cross-border current-account and financial claims. We propose a network-theoretic paradigm in which the world economy is a directed graph whose edge weights encode net bilateral exposures. In this setting, systemic fragility is an emergent property of the spectral topology of the global exposure matrix. We develop (i) a mathematically explicit construction of a BoP adjacency operator, (ii) a \textbf{Spectral Stability Criterion} proving that the system is globally asymptotically stable if and only if the spectral radius $ρ(A) < 1$, and (iii) a \textbf{Spectral Stability Margin} ($δ= 1 - ρ(B)$) that quantifies the proximity of the global economy to a ``Critical Slowing Down'' phase transition. Furthermore, we define a systemic-risk index using eigenvector centrality to identify nodes whose failure is mathematically indistinguishable from global collapse. Finally, we employ a \textbf{Non-backtracking (Hashimoto) operator} to derive a precise \textbf{topological threshold} for sovereign debt contagion, filtering bilateral ``noise'' to isolate deep-network circulation. Our results demonstrate that systemic risk is a latent property of the global spectral topology, requiring macroprudential interventions targeted at the network's spectral gaps rather than individual debt-to-GDP ratios.