Exploring Thermalization and Multi-Freeze-Out Effects in Pb-Pb collisions Based on Tsallis pT Distributions
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arXiv
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| Autores principales: | , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
| Publicado: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866914303344377856 |
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| author | Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ajaz, Muhammad Badshah, Murad Ahmad, Mohammad Ayaz |
| author_facet | Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ajaz, Muhammad Badshah, Murad Ahmad, Mohammad Ayaz |
| contents | This study investigates transverse-momentum (pT) distributions of pi-, pi+, K-, K+, p, pbar, K0s, and Lambda in several centrality classes of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV. The measured spectra are analyzed with the Tsallis non-extensive distribution, from which the effective temperature T, non-extensive parameter q, and the mean transverse momentum mean_pT are extracted for each particle species and centrality interval. To disentangle thermal and collective effects, the mean kinetic freeze-out temperature T0 is obtained from the intercept of the T-versus-mass relation, while the average transverse flow velocity betaT is extracted from the slope of mean_pT versus the mean moving mass for pions, kaons, and protons.
The results show that T increases and q decreases with increasing centrality, indicating a hotter and more equilibrated system in central collisions. A clear mass dependence of T supports a multi-freeze-out scenario, with heavier particles decoupling earlier. Both T0 and betaT rise from peripheral to mid-central collisions before saturating toward central events, which may suggest the onset of collective behavior or changes in freeze-out dynamics. These observations provide new insights into the thermal and dynamical properties of the medium created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_02679 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Exploring Thermalization and Multi-Freeze-Out Effects in Pb-Pb collisions Based on Tsallis pT Distributions Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ajaz, Muhammad Badshah, Murad Ahmad, Mohammad Ayaz High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Experiment Nuclear Theory This study investigates transverse-momentum (pT) distributions of pi-, pi+, K-, K+, p, pbar, K0s, and Lambda in several centrality classes of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV. The measured spectra are analyzed with the Tsallis non-extensive distribution, from which the effective temperature T, non-extensive parameter q, and the mean transverse momentum mean_pT are extracted for each particle species and centrality interval. To disentangle thermal and collective effects, the mean kinetic freeze-out temperature T0 is obtained from the intercept of the T-versus-mass relation, while the average transverse flow velocity betaT is extracted from the slope of mean_pT versus the mean moving mass for pions, kaons, and protons. The results show that T increases and q decreases with increasing centrality, indicating a hotter and more equilibrated system in central collisions. A clear mass dependence of T supports a multi-freeze-out scenario, with heavier particles decoupling earlier. Both T0 and betaT rise from peripheral to mid-central collisions before saturating toward central events, which may suggest the onset of collective behavior or changes in freeze-out dynamics. These observations provide new insights into the thermal and dynamical properties of the medium created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. |
| title | Exploring Thermalization and Multi-Freeze-Out Effects in Pb-Pb collisions Based on Tsallis pT Distributions |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Experiment Nuclear Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02679 |