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Hauptverfasser: Xu, Nuo, Kim, Ahrii
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04241
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author Xu, Nuo
Kim, Ahrii
author_facet Xu, Nuo
Kim, Ahrii
contents Subword tokenization critically affects Natural Language Processing (NLP) performance, yet its behavior in morphologically rich and low-resource language families remains under-explored. This study systematically compares three subword paradigms -- Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), Overlap BPE (OBPE), and Unigram Language Model -- across six Uralic languages with varying resource availability and typological diversity. Using part-of-speech (POS) tagging as a controlled downstream task, we show that OBPE consistently achieves stronger morphological alignment and higher tagging accuracy than conventional methods, particularly within the Latin-script group. These gains arise from reduced fragmentation in open-class categories and a better balance across the frequency spectrum. Transfer efficacy further depends on the downstream tagging architecture, interacting with both training volume and genealogical proximity. Taken together, these findings highlight that morphology-sensitive tokenization is not merely a preprocessing choice but a decisive factor in enabling effective cross-lingual transfer for agglutinative, low-resource languages.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_04241
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Tokenization and Morphological Fidelity in Uralic NLP: A Cross-Lingual Evaluation
Xu, Nuo
Kim, Ahrii
Computation and Language
Subword tokenization critically affects Natural Language Processing (NLP) performance, yet its behavior in morphologically rich and low-resource language families remains under-explored. This study systematically compares three subword paradigms -- Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), Overlap BPE (OBPE), and Unigram Language Model -- across six Uralic languages with varying resource availability and typological diversity. Using part-of-speech (POS) tagging as a controlled downstream task, we show that OBPE consistently achieves stronger morphological alignment and higher tagging accuracy than conventional methods, particularly within the Latin-script group. These gains arise from reduced fragmentation in open-class categories and a better balance across the frequency spectrum. Transfer efficacy further depends on the downstream tagging architecture, interacting with both training volume and genealogical proximity. Taken together, these findings highlight that morphology-sensitive tokenization is not merely a preprocessing choice but a decisive factor in enabling effective cross-lingual transfer for agglutinative, low-resource languages.
title Tokenization and Morphological Fidelity in Uralic NLP: A Cross-Lingual Evaluation
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04241