SN 2024abfl: A Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova in NGC 2146 from a Low-Mass Red Supergiant Progenitor
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Chen, Xiaohan Sun, Ning-Chen Xi, Qiang Chen, Chun Zhang, Yu Niu, Zexi Jin, Junjie Mao, Yiming Wang, Beichuan Tinyanont, Samaporn Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Noysena, Kanthanakorn Aguado, David Perez-Fournon, Ismael Poidevin, Frédéric Maund, Justyn R. Chen, Xunhao Du, Pengliang Fernández-Nespral, David López Fang, Liguo Gao, Guolin Guo, Jiupeng He, Min Hong, Xinyi Hou, Zhigang Li, Qingzheng Li, Wenxiong Liu, Tongyu López-Oramas, Alicia Mu, Haiyang Rojas-Bravo, César Tian, Jianfeng Wang, Jinhui Wang, Lingzhi Wang, Rui Wang, Yanan Wang, Ziyang Wiersema, Klaas Wu, Ying Zhen, Guo Zheng, Jie Zhu, Guoyin Zhu, Yinan Fan, Zhou Li, Jing Wu, Hong Liu, Jifeng |
| author_facet | Chen, Xiaohan Sun, Ning-Chen Xi, Qiang Chen, Chun Zhang, Yu Niu, Zexi Jin, Junjie Mao, Yiming Wang, Beichuan Tinyanont, Samaporn Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Noysena, Kanthanakorn Aguado, David Perez-Fournon, Ismael Poidevin, Frédéric Maund, Justyn R. Chen, Xunhao Du, Pengliang Fernández-Nespral, David López Fang, Liguo Gao, Guolin Guo, Jiupeng He, Min Hong, Xinyi Hou, Zhigang Li, Qingzheng Li, Wenxiong Liu, Tongyu López-Oramas, Alicia Mu, Haiyang Rojas-Bravo, César Tian, Jianfeng Wang, Jinhui Wang, Lingzhi Wang, Rui Wang, Yanan Wang, Ziyang Wiersema, Klaas Wu, Ying Zhen, Guo Zheng, Jie Zhu, Guoyin Zhu, Yinan Fan, Zhou Li, Jing Wu, Hong Liu, Jifeng |
| contents | Type IIP supernovae (SNe IIP) exhibit a significant diversity in their explosion properties, yet the physical mechanisms driving this diversity remain unknown. In this work, we present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024abfl, a SN IIP in NGC 2146 with a directly detected red supergiant (RSG) progenitor. We find it has a low plateau luminosity ($M_V \sim -15$ mag) and a relatively long plateau length ($\sim 126.5$ days). By fitting a semi-analytical model, we estimated a $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim 0.009 M_\odot$, an initial kinetic energy of $\sim 0.42$ foe, an initial thermal energy of $\sim 0.03$ foe and an ejecta mass of $\sim 8.3 M_\odot$. The spectral evolution of SN 2024abfl is similar to those of other SNe IIP, except for much lower ejecta velocities at similar epochs. At later epochs, we find a relatively high-velocity H$α$ absorption feature at $\sim -4000$ km s$^{-1}$, possibly due to a fast-moving plume of matter in the inner ejecta, and two emission features at $\pm 2000$ km s$^{-1}$, possibly caused by CSM interaction. We estimate the progenitor mass to be $\le 15 M_\odot$ based on nebular spectra. We conclude that SN 2024abfl is a low-luminosity SN IIP originating from a low-mass RSG progenitor. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_04309 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | SN 2024abfl: A Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova in NGC 2146 from a Low-Mass Red Supergiant Progenitor Chen, Xiaohan Sun, Ning-Chen Xi, Qiang Chen, Chun Zhang, Yu Niu, Zexi Jin, Junjie Mao, Yiming Wang, Beichuan Tinyanont, Samaporn Chanchaiworawit, Krittapas Noysena, Kanthanakorn Aguado, David Perez-Fournon, Ismael Poidevin, Frédéric Maund, Justyn R. Chen, Xunhao Du, Pengliang Fernández-Nespral, David López Fang, Liguo Gao, Guolin Guo, Jiupeng He, Min Hong, Xinyi Hou, Zhigang Li, Qingzheng Li, Wenxiong Liu, Tongyu López-Oramas, Alicia Mu, Haiyang Rojas-Bravo, César Tian, Jianfeng Wang, Jinhui Wang, Lingzhi Wang, Rui Wang, Yanan Wang, Ziyang Wiersema, Klaas Wu, Ying Zhen, Guo Zheng, Jie Zhu, Guoyin Zhu, Yinan Fan, Zhou Li, Jing Wu, Hong Liu, Jifeng High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Type IIP supernovae (SNe IIP) exhibit a significant diversity in their explosion properties, yet the physical mechanisms driving this diversity remain unknown. In this work, we present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024abfl, a SN IIP in NGC 2146 with a directly detected red supergiant (RSG) progenitor. We find it has a low plateau luminosity ($M_V \sim -15$ mag) and a relatively long plateau length ($\sim 126.5$ days). By fitting a semi-analytical model, we estimated a $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim 0.009 M_\odot$, an initial kinetic energy of $\sim 0.42$ foe, an initial thermal energy of $\sim 0.03$ foe and an ejecta mass of $\sim 8.3 M_\odot$. The spectral evolution of SN 2024abfl is similar to those of other SNe IIP, except for much lower ejecta velocities at similar epochs. At later epochs, we find a relatively high-velocity H$α$ absorption feature at $\sim -4000$ km s$^{-1}$, possibly due to a fast-moving plume of matter in the inner ejecta, and two emission features at $\pm 2000$ km s$^{-1}$, possibly caused by CSM interaction. We estimate the progenitor mass to be $\le 15 M_\odot$ based on nebular spectra. We conclude that SN 2024abfl is a low-luminosity SN IIP originating from a low-mass RSG progenitor. |
| title | SN 2024abfl: A Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova in NGC 2146 from a Low-Mass Red Supergiant Progenitor |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04309 |