Relativistic and Recoil Corrections to Light-Fermion Vacuum Polarization for Bound Systems of Spin-0, Spin-1/2, and Spin-1 Particles
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913006516961280 |
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| author | Adkins, G. S. Jentschura, U. D. |
| author_facet | Adkins, G. S. Jentschura, U. D. |
| contents | In bound systems whose constituent particles are heavier than the electron, the dominant radiative correction to energy levels is given by light-fermion (electronic) vacuum polarization. In consequence, relativistic and recoil corrections to the one-loop vacuum-polarization correction are phenomenologically relevant. Here, we generalize the treatment, previously accomplished for systems with orbiting muons, to bound systems of constituents with more general spins: spin-0, spin-1/2, and spin-1. We discuss the application of our more general expressions to various systems of interest, including spinless systems (pionium), muonic hydrogen and deuterium, and devote special attention to the excited non-S states of deuteronium, the bound system of a deuteron and its antiparticle. The obtained energy corrections are of order alpha^5*m_r, where alpha is the fine-structure constant and m_r is the reduced mass. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_04743 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Relativistic and Recoil Corrections to Light-Fermion Vacuum Polarization for Bound Systems of Spin-0, Spin-1/2, and Spin-1 Particles Adkins, G. S. Jentschura, U. D. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology In bound systems whose constituent particles are heavier than the electron, the dominant radiative correction to energy levels is given by light-fermion (electronic) vacuum polarization. In consequence, relativistic and recoil corrections to the one-loop vacuum-polarization correction are phenomenologically relevant. Here, we generalize the treatment, previously accomplished for systems with orbiting muons, to bound systems of constituents with more general spins: spin-0, spin-1/2, and spin-1. We discuss the application of our more general expressions to various systems of interest, including spinless systems (pionium), muonic hydrogen and deuterium, and devote special attention to the excited non-S states of deuteronium, the bound system of a deuteron and its antiparticle. The obtained energy corrections are of order alpha^5*m_r, where alpha is the fine-structure constant and m_r is the reduced mass. |
| title | Relativistic and Recoil Corrections to Light-Fermion Vacuum Polarization for Bound Systems of Spin-0, Spin-1/2, and Spin-1 Particles |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04743 |