Digital signatures with classical shadows on near-term quantum computers
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866912877857734656 |
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| author | Niroula, Pradeep Liu, Minzhao Omanakuttan, Sivaprasad Amaro, David Chakrabarti, Shouvanik Ghosh, Soumik He, Zichang Jin, Yuwei Kaleoglu, Fatih Kordonowy, Steven Kumar, Rohan Perlin, Michael A. Seshadri, Akshay Steinberg, Matthew Sullivan, Joseph Watkins, Jacob Yuen, Henry Shaydulin, Ruslan |
| author_facet | Niroula, Pradeep Liu, Minzhao Omanakuttan, Sivaprasad Amaro, David Chakrabarti, Shouvanik Ghosh, Soumik He, Zichang Jin, Yuwei Kaleoglu, Fatih Kordonowy, Steven Kumar, Rohan Perlin, Michael A. Seshadri, Akshay Steinberg, Matthew Sullivan, Joseph Watkins, Jacob Yuen, Henry Shaydulin, Ruslan |
| contents | Quantum mechanics provides cryptographic primitives whose security is grounded in hardness assumptions independent of those underlying classical cryptography. However, existing proposals require low-noise quantum communication and long-lived quantum memory, capabilities which remain challenging to realize in practice. In this work, we introduce a quantum digital signature scheme that operates with only classical communication, using the classical shadows of states produced by random circuits as public keys. We provide theoretical and numerical evidence supporting the conjectured hardness of learning the private key (the circuit) from the public key (the shadow). A key technical ingredient enabling our scheme is an improved state-certification primitive that achieves higher noise tolerance and lower sample complexity than prior methods. We realize this certification by designing a high-rate error-detecting code tailored to our random-circuit ensemble and experimentally generating shadows for 32-qubit states using circuits with $\geq 80$ logical ($\geq 582$ physical) two-qubit gates, attaining 0.90 $\pm$ 0.01 fidelity. With increased number of measurement samples, our hardware-demonstrated primitives realize a proof-of-principle quantum digital signature, demonstrating the near-term feasibility of our scheme. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_04859 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Digital signatures with classical shadows on near-term quantum computers Niroula, Pradeep Liu, Minzhao Omanakuttan, Sivaprasad Amaro, David Chakrabarti, Shouvanik Ghosh, Soumik He, Zichang Jin, Yuwei Kaleoglu, Fatih Kordonowy, Steven Kumar, Rohan Perlin, Michael A. Seshadri, Akshay Steinberg, Matthew Sullivan, Joseph Watkins, Jacob Yuen, Henry Shaydulin, Ruslan Quantum Physics Cryptography and Security Quantum mechanics provides cryptographic primitives whose security is grounded in hardness assumptions independent of those underlying classical cryptography. However, existing proposals require low-noise quantum communication and long-lived quantum memory, capabilities which remain challenging to realize in practice. In this work, we introduce a quantum digital signature scheme that operates with only classical communication, using the classical shadows of states produced by random circuits as public keys. We provide theoretical and numerical evidence supporting the conjectured hardness of learning the private key (the circuit) from the public key (the shadow). A key technical ingredient enabling our scheme is an improved state-certification primitive that achieves higher noise tolerance and lower sample complexity than prior methods. We realize this certification by designing a high-rate error-detecting code tailored to our random-circuit ensemble and experimentally generating shadows for 32-qubit states using circuits with $\geq 80$ logical ($\geq 582$ physical) two-qubit gates, attaining 0.90 $\pm$ 0.01 fidelity. With increased number of measurement samples, our hardware-demonstrated primitives realize a proof-of-principle quantum digital signature, demonstrating the near-term feasibility of our scheme. |
| title | Digital signatures with classical shadows on near-term quantum computers |
| topic | Quantum Physics Cryptography and Security |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04859 |