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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Online-Zugang: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05018 |
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| _version_ | 1866917248846790656 |
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| author | Wu, Hongbang Chen, Xuesi Jadhav, Shubham Lal, Amit Pentecost, Lillian Gupta, Udit |
| author_facet | Wu, Hongbang Chen, Xuesi Jadhav, Shubham Lal, Amit Pentecost, Lillian Gupta, Udit |
| contents | Information and communication technologies account for a growing portion of global environmental impacts. While emerging technologies, such as emerging non-volatile memories (eNVM), offer a promising solution to energy efficient computing, their end-to-end footprint is not well understood. Understanding the environmental impact of hardware systems over their life cycle is the first step to realizing sustainable computing. This work conducts a detailed study of one example eNVM device: hafnium-zirconium-oxide (HZO)-based ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs). We present COFFEE, the first carbon modeling framework for HZO-based FeFET eNVMs across life cycle, from hardware manufacturing (embodied carbon) to use (operational carbon). COFFEE builds on data gathered from a real semiconductor fab and device fabrication recipes to estimate embodied carbon, and architecture level eNVM design space exploration tools to quantify use-phase performance and energy. Our evaluation shows that, at 2 MB capacity, the embodied carbon per unit area overhead of HZO-FeFETs can be up to 11% higher than the CMOS baseline, while the embodied carbon per MB remains consistently about 4.3x lower than SRAM across different memory capacity. A further case study applies COFFEE to an edge ML accelerator, showing that replacing the SRAM-based weight buffer with HZO-based FeFET eNVMs reduces embodied carbon by 42.3% and operational carbon by up to 70%. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_05018 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | COFFEE: A Carbon-Modeling and Optimization Framework for HZO-based FeFET eNVMs Wu, Hongbang Chen, Xuesi Jadhav, Shubham Lal, Amit Pentecost, Lillian Gupta, Udit Hardware Architecture Information and communication technologies account for a growing portion of global environmental impacts. While emerging technologies, such as emerging non-volatile memories (eNVM), offer a promising solution to energy efficient computing, their end-to-end footprint is not well understood. Understanding the environmental impact of hardware systems over their life cycle is the first step to realizing sustainable computing. This work conducts a detailed study of one example eNVM device: hafnium-zirconium-oxide (HZO)-based ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs). We present COFFEE, the first carbon modeling framework for HZO-based FeFET eNVMs across life cycle, from hardware manufacturing (embodied carbon) to use (operational carbon). COFFEE builds on data gathered from a real semiconductor fab and device fabrication recipes to estimate embodied carbon, and architecture level eNVM design space exploration tools to quantify use-phase performance and energy. Our evaluation shows that, at 2 MB capacity, the embodied carbon per unit area overhead of HZO-FeFETs can be up to 11% higher than the CMOS baseline, while the embodied carbon per MB remains consistently about 4.3x lower than SRAM across different memory capacity. A further case study applies COFFEE to an edge ML accelerator, showing that replacing the SRAM-based weight buffer with HZO-based FeFET eNVMs reduces embodied carbon by 42.3% and operational carbon by up to 70%. |
| title | COFFEE: A Carbon-Modeling and Optimization Framework for HZO-based FeFET eNVMs |
| topic | Hardware Architecture |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05018 |