VLN-Pilot: Large Vision-Language Model as an Autonomous Indoor Drone Operator

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Dominguez-Dager, Bessie, Suescun-Ferrandiz, Sergio, Escalona, Felix, Gomez-Donoso, Francisco, Cazorla, Miguel
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Dominguez-Dager, Bessie
Suescun-Ferrandiz, Sergio
Escalona, Felix
Gomez-Donoso, Francisco
Cazorla, Miguel
author_facet Dominguez-Dager, Bessie
Suescun-Ferrandiz, Sergio
Escalona, Felix
Gomez-Donoso, Francisco
Cazorla, Miguel
contents This paper introduces VLN-Pilot, a novel framework in which a large Vision-and-Language Model (VLLM) assumes the role of a human pilot for indoor drone navigation. By leveraging the multimodal reasoning abilities of VLLMs, VLN-Pilot interprets free-form natural language instructions and grounds them in visual observations to plan and execute drone trajectories in GPS-denied indoor environments. Unlike traditional rule-based or geometric path-planning approaches, our framework integrates language-driven semantic understanding with visual perception, enabling context-aware, high-level flight behaviors with minimal task-specific engineering. VLN-Pilot supports fully autonomous instruction-following for drones by reasoning about spatial relationships, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic reactivity to unforeseen events. We validate our framework on a custom photorealistic indoor simulation benchmark and demonstrate the ability of the VLLM-driven agent to achieve high success rates on complex instruction-following tasks, including long-horizon navigation with multiple semantic targets. Experimental results highlight the promise of replacing remote drone pilots with a language-guided autonomous agent, opening avenues for scalable, human-friendly control of indoor UAVs in tasks such as inspection, search-and-rescue, and facility monitoring. Our results suggest that VLLM-based pilots may dramatically reduce operator workload while improving safety and mission flexibility in constrained indoor environments.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_05552
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle VLN-Pilot: Large Vision-Language Model as an Autonomous Indoor Drone Operator
Dominguez-Dager, Bessie
Suescun-Ferrandiz, Sergio
Escalona, Felix
Gomez-Donoso, Francisco
Cazorla, Miguel
Robotics
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
This paper introduces VLN-Pilot, a novel framework in which a large Vision-and-Language Model (VLLM) assumes the role of a human pilot for indoor drone navigation. By leveraging the multimodal reasoning abilities of VLLMs, VLN-Pilot interprets free-form natural language instructions and grounds them in visual observations to plan and execute drone trajectories in GPS-denied indoor environments. Unlike traditional rule-based or geometric path-planning approaches, our framework integrates language-driven semantic understanding with visual perception, enabling context-aware, high-level flight behaviors with minimal task-specific engineering. VLN-Pilot supports fully autonomous instruction-following for drones by reasoning about spatial relationships, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic reactivity to unforeseen events. We validate our framework on a custom photorealistic indoor simulation benchmark and demonstrate the ability of the VLLM-driven agent to achieve high success rates on complex instruction-following tasks, including long-horizon navigation with multiple semantic targets. Experimental results highlight the promise of replacing remote drone pilots with a language-guided autonomous agent, opening avenues for scalable, human-friendly control of indoor UAVs in tasks such as inspection, search-and-rescue, and facility monitoring. Our results suggest that VLLM-based pilots may dramatically reduce operator workload while improving safety and mission flexibility in constrained indoor environments.
title VLN-Pilot: Large Vision-Language Model as an Autonomous Indoor Drone Operator
topic Robotics
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05552