Modeling integrated frequency shifters and beam splitters

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Muñoz-Arias, Manuel H., Randles, Kevin J., Otterstrom, Nils T., Davids, Paul S., Gehl, Michael, Sarovar, Mohan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Muñoz-Arias, Manuel H.
Randles, Kevin J.
Otterstrom, Nils T.
Davids, Paul S.
Gehl, Michael
Sarovar, Mohan
author_facet Muñoz-Arias, Manuel H.
Randles, Kevin J.
Otterstrom, Nils T.
Davids, Paul S.
Gehl, Michael
Sarovar, Mohan
contents Photonic quantum computing is a strong contender in the race to fault-tolerance. Recent proposals using qubits encoded in frequency modes promise a large reduction in hardware footprint, and have garnered much attention. In this encoding, linear optics, i.e., beam splitters and phase shifters, is necessarily not energy-conserving, and is costly to implement. In this work, we present designs of frequency-mode beam splitters based on modulated arrays of coupled resonators. We develop a methodology to construct their effective transfer matrices based on the SLH formalism for quantum input-output networks. Our methodology is flexible and highly composable, allowing us to define $N$-mode beam splitters either natively based on arrays of $N$-resonators of arbitrary connectivity or as networks of interconnected $l$-mode beam splitters, with $l<N$. We apply our methodology to analyze a two-resonator device, a frequency-domain phase shifter and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer obtained from composing these devices, a four-resonator device, and present a formal no-go theorem on the possibility of natively generating certain $N$-mode frequency-domain beam splitters with arrays of $N$-resonators.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_06003
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Modeling integrated frequency shifters and beam splitters
Muñoz-Arias, Manuel H.
Randles, Kevin J.
Otterstrom, Nils T.
Davids, Paul S.
Gehl, Michael
Sarovar, Mohan
Quantum Physics
Optics
Photonic quantum computing is a strong contender in the race to fault-tolerance. Recent proposals using qubits encoded in frequency modes promise a large reduction in hardware footprint, and have garnered much attention. In this encoding, linear optics, i.e., beam splitters and phase shifters, is necessarily not energy-conserving, and is costly to implement. In this work, we present designs of frequency-mode beam splitters based on modulated arrays of coupled resonators. We develop a methodology to construct their effective transfer matrices based on the SLH formalism for quantum input-output networks. Our methodology is flexible and highly composable, allowing us to define $N$-mode beam splitters either natively based on arrays of $N$-resonators of arbitrary connectivity or as networks of interconnected $l$-mode beam splitters, with $l<N$. We apply our methodology to analyze a two-resonator device, a frequency-domain phase shifter and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer obtained from composing these devices, a four-resonator device, and present a formal no-go theorem on the possibility of natively generating certain $N$-mode frequency-domain beam splitters with arrays of $N$-resonators.
title Modeling integrated frequency shifters and beam splitters
topic Quantum Physics
Optics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.06003