Equilibria: Fair Multi-Tenant CXL Memory Tiering At Scale
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arXiv
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| Autori principali: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866913046847291392 |
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| author | Zhao, Kaiyang Gholkar, Neha Maruf, Hasan Dhanotia, Abhishek Weiner, Johannes Price, Gregory Sun, Ning Dwivedi, Bhavya Clark, Stuart Skarlatos, Dimitrios |
| author_facet | Zhao, Kaiyang Gholkar, Neha Maruf, Hasan Dhanotia, Abhishek Weiner, Johannes Price, Gregory Sun, Ning Dwivedi, Bhavya Clark, Stuart Skarlatos, Dimitrios |
| contents | Memory dominates datacenter system cost and power. Memory expansion via Compute Express Link (CXL) is an effective way to provide additional memory at lower cost and power, but its effective use requires software-level tiering for hyperscaler workloads. Existing tiering solutions, including current Linux support, face fundamental limitations in production deployments. First, they lack multi-tenancy support, failing to handle stacked homogeneous or heterogeneous workloads. Second, limited control-plane flexibility leads to fairness violations and performance variability. Finally, insufficient observability prevents operators from diagnosing performance pathologies at scale.
We present Equilibria, an OS framework enabling fair, multi-tenant CXL tiering at datacenter scale. Equilibria provides per-container controls for memory fair-share allocation and fine-grained observability of tiered-memory usage and operations. It further enforces flexible, user-specified fairness policies through regulated promotion and demotion, and mitigates noisy-neighbor interference by suppressing thrashing.
Evaluated in a large hyperscaler fleet using production workloads and benchmarks, Equilibria helps workloads meet service level objectives (SLOs) while avoiding performance interference. It improves performance over the state-of-the-art Linux solution, TPP, by up to 52% for production workloads and 1.7x for benchmarks. All Equilibria patches have been released to the Linux community. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_08800 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Equilibria: Fair Multi-Tenant CXL Memory Tiering At Scale Zhao, Kaiyang Gholkar, Neha Maruf, Hasan Dhanotia, Abhishek Weiner, Johannes Price, Gregory Sun, Ning Dwivedi, Bhavya Clark, Stuart Skarlatos, Dimitrios Operating Systems Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing Memory dominates datacenter system cost and power. Memory expansion via Compute Express Link (CXL) is an effective way to provide additional memory at lower cost and power, but its effective use requires software-level tiering for hyperscaler workloads. Existing tiering solutions, including current Linux support, face fundamental limitations in production deployments. First, they lack multi-tenancy support, failing to handle stacked homogeneous or heterogeneous workloads. Second, limited control-plane flexibility leads to fairness violations and performance variability. Finally, insufficient observability prevents operators from diagnosing performance pathologies at scale. We present Equilibria, an OS framework enabling fair, multi-tenant CXL tiering at datacenter scale. Equilibria provides per-container controls for memory fair-share allocation and fine-grained observability of tiered-memory usage and operations. It further enforces flexible, user-specified fairness policies through regulated promotion and demotion, and mitigates noisy-neighbor interference by suppressing thrashing. Evaluated in a large hyperscaler fleet using production workloads and benchmarks, Equilibria helps workloads meet service level objectives (SLOs) while avoiding performance interference. It improves performance over the state-of-the-art Linux solution, TPP, by up to 52% for production workloads and 1.7x for benchmarks. All Equilibria patches have been released to the Linux community. |
| title | Equilibria: Fair Multi-Tenant CXL Memory Tiering At Scale |
| topic | Operating Systems Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08800 |