A Faint Progenitor System for the Faint Supernova 2024vjm
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arXiv
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2026
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| author | Zimmerman, Erez A. Gal-Yam, Avishay Groot, Paul J. Ofek, Eran O. van Roestel, Jan Pastorello, Andrea Valenti, Stefano Ravi, Aravind P. Chen, Ping Schulze, Steve Blagorodnova, Nadejda Wavasseur, Maxime Gomez-Munoz, Marco A. Tranin, Hugo de Wet, Simon Leloudas, Giorgos Vreeswijk, Paul M. Kwok, Lindsey A. Schwab, Michaela Jha, Saurabh W. Maguire, Kate Sand, David J. Stringer, Eric Kupfer, Thomas Faran, Tamar Anderson, Joseph P. Andrews, Jennifer Andrews, Moira Badash, Avshalom Bloemen, Steven Bostroem, K. Azalee Chen, Ting-Wan Della Valle, Massimo Dimitriadis, Georgios Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Gillanders, James H. Godson, Benjamin Gromadzki, Mariusz Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Janzen, Daryl Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo Li, Jiaxuan Lyman, Joseph D. Maeda, Keiichi Magee, Mark R. McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Milligan, Andrew Moran, Shane Ni, Yuan Qi O'Neill, David Pearson, Jeniveve Pieterse, Danielle L. A. Pignata, Giuliano Reguitti, Andrea Reichart, Daniel E. Retamal, Nicolas Meza Santos, Rita P. Scaringi, Simone Shrestha, Manisha Srivastav, Shubham Stoppa, Fiorenzo Subrayan, Bhagya Valerin, Giorgio Wang, Xiaofeng Wynn, Kathryn Yaron, Ofer Zang, Weicheng |
| author_facet | Zimmerman, Erez A. Gal-Yam, Avishay Groot, Paul J. Ofek, Eran O. van Roestel, Jan Pastorello, Andrea Valenti, Stefano Ravi, Aravind P. Chen, Ping Schulze, Steve Blagorodnova, Nadejda Wavasseur, Maxime Gomez-Munoz, Marco A. Tranin, Hugo de Wet, Simon Leloudas, Giorgos Vreeswijk, Paul M. Kwok, Lindsey A. Schwab, Michaela Jha, Saurabh W. Maguire, Kate Sand, David J. Stringer, Eric Kupfer, Thomas Faran, Tamar Anderson, Joseph P. Andrews, Jennifer Andrews, Moira Badash, Avshalom Bloemen, Steven Bostroem, K. Azalee Chen, Ting-Wan Della Valle, Massimo Dimitriadis, Georgios Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Gillanders, James H. Godson, Benjamin Gromadzki, Mariusz Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Janzen, Daryl Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo Li, Jiaxuan Lyman, Joseph D. Maeda, Keiichi Magee, Mark R. McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Milligan, Andrew Moran, Shane Ni, Yuan Qi O'Neill, David Pearson, Jeniveve Pieterse, Danielle L. A. Pignata, Giuliano Reguitti, Andrea Reichart, Daniel E. Retamal, Nicolas Meza Santos, Rita P. Scaringi, Simone Shrestha, Manisha Srivastav, Shubham Stoppa, Fiorenzo Subrayan, Bhagya Valerin, Giorgio Wang, Xiaofeng Wynn, Kathryn Yaron, Ofer Zang, Weicheng |
| contents | Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are well known for their role as standardizable cosmological candles. Their uniformity is credited to their single origin as thermonuclear explosions of White dwarf (WD) stars. Nevertheless, some SNe Ia break this regularity. Prominently, the Iax subclass are less energetic and remarkably diverse, raising questions about their progenitor systems. While no progenitor system of a normal SN Ia has ever been detected, a luminous blue star was identified in pre-explosion images of the site of the bright SN Iax SN 2012Z, suggested to be a helium giant companion star acting as a mass donor to a WD SN progenitor. This is in line with models of weak mass accretion of a WD from a binary companion, producing an explosion that does not fully disrupt the star. However, these models fail to explain the properties of the faintest Type Iax explosions, suggesting either they originate from other WD binary systems, or even from massive progenitor stars. Here, we present the faint SN Iax SN 2024vjm - possibly the faintest supernova observed to date. Using a deep pre-explosion image taken by the recently launched Euclid space mission, we show that its progenitor system must be fainter than the helium giant SN Iax progenitor candidate of SN 2012Z, as well as that of the luminous red companion or remnant of the faint SN 2008ha, and may require a subdwarf helium star as a mass donor. The deep image also provides strong arguments against a massive star origin for this faint supernova. Our observations argue that SN 2024vjm is a WD explosion, but we find that remarkably faint SNe Iax fade more slowly than bright ones, i.e., they evolve in an opposite manner from the famous Phillips relation that makes regular SNe Ia cosmological candles. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_09096 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Faint Progenitor System for the Faint Supernova 2024vjm Zimmerman, Erez A. Gal-Yam, Avishay Groot, Paul J. Ofek, Eran O. van Roestel, Jan Pastorello, Andrea Valenti, Stefano Ravi, Aravind P. Chen, Ping Schulze, Steve Blagorodnova, Nadejda Wavasseur, Maxime Gomez-Munoz, Marco A. Tranin, Hugo de Wet, Simon Leloudas, Giorgos Vreeswijk, Paul M. Kwok, Lindsey A. Schwab, Michaela Jha, Saurabh W. Maguire, Kate Sand, David J. Stringer, Eric Kupfer, Thomas Faran, Tamar Anderson, Joseph P. Andrews, Jennifer Andrews, Moira Badash, Avshalom Bloemen, Steven Bostroem, K. Azalee Chen, Ting-Wan Della Valle, Massimo Dimitriadis, Georgios Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Gillanders, James H. Godson, Benjamin Gromadzki, Mariusz Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Janzen, Daryl Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo Li, Jiaxuan Lyman, Joseph D. Maeda, Keiichi Magee, Mark R. McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Milligan, Andrew Moran, Shane Ni, Yuan Qi O'Neill, David Pearson, Jeniveve Pieterse, Danielle L. A. Pignata, Giuliano Reguitti, Andrea Reichart, Daniel E. Retamal, Nicolas Meza Santos, Rita P. Scaringi, Simone Shrestha, Manisha Srivastav, Shubham Stoppa, Fiorenzo Subrayan, Bhagya Valerin, Giorgio Wang, Xiaofeng Wynn, Kathryn Yaron, Ofer Zang, Weicheng High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are well known for their role as standardizable cosmological candles. Their uniformity is credited to their single origin as thermonuclear explosions of White dwarf (WD) stars. Nevertheless, some SNe Ia break this regularity. Prominently, the Iax subclass are less energetic and remarkably diverse, raising questions about their progenitor systems. While no progenitor system of a normal SN Ia has ever been detected, a luminous blue star was identified in pre-explosion images of the site of the bright SN Iax SN 2012Z, suggested to be a helium giant companion star acting as a mass donor to a WD SN progenitor. This is in line with models of weak mass accretion of a WD from a binary companion, producing an explosion that does not fully disrupt the star. However, these models fail to explain the properties of the faintest Type Iax explosions, suggesting either they originate from other WD binary systems, or even from massive progenitor stars. Here, we present the faint SN Iax SN 2024vjm - possibly the faintest supernova observed to date. Using a deep pre-explosion image taken by the recently launched Euclid space mission, we show that its progenitor system must be fainter than the helium giant SN Iax progenitor candidate of SN 2012Z, as well as that of the luminous red companion or remnant of the faint SN 2008ha, and may require a subdwarf helium star as a mass donor. The deep image also provides strong arguments against a massive star origin for this faint supernova. Our observations argue that SN 2024vjm is a WD explosion, but we find that remarkably faint SNe Iax fade more slowly than bright ones, i.e., they evolve in an opposite manner from the famous Phillips relation that makes regular SNe Ia cosmological candles. |
| title | A Faint Progenitor System for the Faint Supernova 2024vjm |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09096 |