Deep Neural Network-Enhanced Frequency-Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Multi-Governor Dynamics

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Jiang, Fan, Li, Xingpeng, Van Hentenryck, Pascal
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Jiang, Fan
Li, Xingpeng
Van Hentenryck, Pascal
author_facet Jiang, Fan
Li, Xingpeng
Van Hentenryck, Pascal
contents To ensure frequency security in power systems, both the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and the frequency nadir (FN) must be explicitly accounted for in real-time frequency-constrained optimal power flow (FCOPF). However, accurately modeling sys-tem frequency dynamics through analytical formulations is chal-lenging due to their inherent nonlinearity and complexity. To address this issue, deep neural networks (DNNs) are utilized to capture the nonlinear mapping between system operating condi-tions and key frequency performance metrics. In this paper, a DNN-based frequency prediction model is developed and trained using the high-fidelity time-domain simulation data generated in PSCAD/EMTDC. The trained DNN is subsequently transformed into an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) form and embedded into the FCOPF problem as additional con-straints to explicitly enforce frequency security, leading to the proposed DNN-FCOPF formulation. For benchmarking, two alternative models are considered: a conventional optimal power flow without frequency constraints and a linearized FCOPF in-corporating system-level RoCoF and FN constraints. The effec-tiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the solutions of these three models through extensive PSCAD/EMTDC time-domain simulations under various loading scenarios.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_11063
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Deep Neural Network-Enhanced Frequency-Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Multi-Governor Dynamics
Jiang, Fan
Li, Xingpeng
Van Hentenryck, Pascal
Systems and Control
To ensure frequency security in power systems, both the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and the frequency nadir (FN) must be explicitly accounted for in real-time frequency-constrained optimal power flow (FCOPF). However, accurately modeling sys-tem frequency dynamics through analytical formulations is chal-lenging due to their inherent nonlinearity and complexity. To address this issue, deep neural networks (DNNs) are utilized to capture the nonlinear mapping between system operating condi-tions and key frequency performance metrics. In this paper, a DNN-based frequency prediction model is developed and trained using the high-fidelity time-domain simulation data generated in PSCAD/EMTDC. The trained DNN is subsequently transformed into an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) form and embedded into the FCOPF problem as additional con-straints to explicitly enforce frequency security, leading to the proposed DNN-FCOPF formulation. For benchmarking, two alternative models are considered: a conventional optimal power flow without frequency constraints and a linearized FCOPF in-corporating system-level RoCoF and FN constraints. The effec-tiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the solutions of these three models through extensive PSCAD/EMTDC time-domain simulations under various loading scenarios.
title Deep Neural Network-Enhanced Frequency-Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Multi-Governor Dynamics
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11063