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Main Authors: Wu, Shuyao, Li, Delong, Sun, Ximan, Liu, Kai-di, Zhang, Wentao, Li, Binbin V., Li, Shuangcheng, Liu, Lumeng, Xu, Fangjin, Dong, Jinwei, Liu, Laibao, Duan, Weili, Zhang, Zhonghao
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11442
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author Wu, Shuyao
Li, Delong
Sun, Ximan
Liu, Kai-di
Zhang, Wentao
Li, Binbin V.
Li, Shuangcheng
Liu, Lumeng
Xu, Fangjin
Dong, Jinwei
Liu, Laibao
Duan, Weili
Zhang, Zhonghao
author_facet Wu, Shuyao
Li, Delong
Sun, Ximan
Liu, Kai-di
Zhang, Wentao
Li, Binbin V.
Li, Shuangcheng
Liu, Lumeng
Xu, Fangjin
Dong, Jinwei
Liu, Laibao
Duan, Weili
Zhang, Zhonghao
contents Understanding public demand for urban ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for effective green space management, yet the intricate relationships and potential trade-offs among these diverse demands remain poorly understood. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings, often limited by small samples or reliance on indirect proxies. Here, we provide the first national-scale, direct assessment of the relationship among demands for nine urban park ES using a survey dataset comprising 20,075 responses across China and a point-allotment experiment that directly quantifies the trade-off patterns among service demands. We found particularly strong preferences among urban residents in China for air purification and recreation services, at the expense of other services. These preferences were further reflected in three distinct demand bundles: air purification-dominated, recreation-dominated, and balanced demands, each delineating a typical group of people with distinct representative characteristics. Socio-economic and environmental factors, such as age, environmental interest, and mean annual precipitation, significantly influence the trade-off intensity among service demands. Our study pioneers the direct, quantitative analysis of relationships among ecosystem service demands, and the results underscore the need for tailored urban park designs that address diverse service demands to sustainably enhance the quality of city life in China and beyond.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_11442
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Ecosystem service demand relationship and trade-off patterns in urban parks across China
Wu, Shuyao
Li, Delong
Sun, Ximan
Liu, Kai-di
Zhang, Wentao
Li, Binbin V.
Li, Shuangcheng
Liu, Lumeng
Xu, Fangjin
Dong, Jinwei
Liu, Laibao
Duan, Weili
Zhang, Zhonghao
General Economics
Economics
Understanding public demand for urban ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for effective green space management, yet the intricate relationships and potential trade-offs among these diverse demands remain poorly understood. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings, often limited by small samples or reliance on indirect proxies. Here, we provide the first national-scale, direct assessment of the relationship among demands for nine urban park ES using a survey dataset comprising 20,075 responses across China and a point-allotment experiment that directly quantifies the trade-off patterns among service demands. We found particularly strong preferences among urban residents in China for air purification and recreation services, at the expense of other services. These preferences were further reflected in three distinct demand bundles: air purification-dominated, recreation-dominated, and balanced demands, each delineating a typical group of people with distinct representative characteristics. Socio-economic and environmental factors, such as age, environmental interest, and mean annual precipitation, significantly influence the trade-off intensity among service demands. Our study pioneers the direct, quantitative analysis of relationships among ecosystem service demands, and the results underscore the need for tailored urban park designs that address diverse service demands to sustainably enhance the quality of city life in China and beyond.
title Ecosystem service demand relationship and trade-off patterns in urban parks across China
topic General Economics
Economics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11442