Evolution of submillimeter galaxies across cosmic-web environments
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2026
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| author | Kumar, Ankit Artale, M. Celeste Montero-Dorta, Antonio D. Guaita, Lucia Schaye, Joop Lee, Kyoung-Soo Pope, Alexandra Rodriguez, Facundo Gawiser, Eric Hwang, Ho Seong Iribarren, Paulina Troncoso Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Park, Changbom Yang, Yujin |
| author_facet | Kumar, Ankit Artale, M. Celeste Montero-Dorta, Antonio D. Guaita, Lucia Schaye, Joop Lee, Kyoung-Soo Pope, Alexandra Rodriguez, Facundo Gawiser, Eric Hwang, Ho Seong Iribarren, Paulina Troncoso Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Park, Changbom Yang, Yujin |
| contents | Submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) provide valuable insights into galaxy formation and evolution and are likely influenced by their cosmic environment. However, their rarity makes environmental trends difficult to establish. We use the FLAMINGO simulation, which simultaneously reproduces the redshift distribution and number counts of SMGs. We use the DisPerSE to identify filamentary structures at $z=4$, 3, 2, 1.5, and 1. We define inner cluster-halo, outer cluster-halo, inner filament, outer filament, and void/wall environments at each redshift considering mass evolution of cluster-halos and density evolution of filaments. For a fixed stellar-mass cut of $M_* \geq 10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$, the fraction of SMGs in the inner cluster-halo environment declines from $\sim30\%$ at $z=4$ to $\sim3\%$ by $z=1$, and similar trends are observed in other environments. The abundance of SMGs within a cluster-halo increases with halo mass, mirroring the increase in the total galaxy population. Consequently, the ratio of SMG halo occupation to that of all galaxies is largely insensitive to halo mass, but varies with redshift. In contrast, the ratio of the halo occupation of non-SMGs to that of all galaxies declines with halo mass and shows little redshift evolution. We show that the central and satellite SMGs form two distinct populations in inner cluster-halos. SMGs occupy the metal-rich side of the metallicity distribution, but rarely attain the highest metallicities because ongoing enrichment is limited by gas depletion. The brightest SMGs (S$_{850} > 10$ mJy) are found exclusively in inner cluster-halos, highlighting a strong connection between SMG luminosity and environmental density. Our results show that SMGs dominate star formation in dense environments, contributing up to $80\%$ of the SFR in inner cluster-halos at $z=4$, but less than $50\%$ in low-density regions. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_11751 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Evolution of submillimeter galaxies across cosmic-web environments Kumar, Ankit Artale, M. Celeste Montero-Dorta, Antonio D. Guaita, Lucia Schaye, Joop Lee, Kyoung-Soo Pope, Alexandra Rodriguez, Facundo Gawiser, Eric Hwang, Ho Seong Iribarren, Paulina Troncoso Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Park, Changbom Yang, Yujin Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) provide valuable insights into galaxy formation and evolution and are likely influenced by their cosmic environment. However, their rarity makes environmental trends difficult to establish. We use the FLAMINGO simulation, which simultaneously reproduces the redshift distribution and number counts of SMGs. We use the DisPerSE to identify filamentary structures at $z=4$, 3, 2, 1.5, and 1. We define inner cluster-halo, outer cluster-halo, inner filament, outer filament, and void/wall environments at each redshift considering mass evolution of cluster-halos and density evolution of filaments. For a fixed stellar-mass cut of $M_* \geq 10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$, the fraction of SMGs in the inner cluster-halo environment declines from $\sim30\%$ at $z=4$ to $\sim3\%$ by $z=1$, and similar trends are observed in other environments. The abundance of SMGs within a cluster-halo increases with halo mass, mirroring the increase in the total galaxy population. Consequently, the ratio of SMG halo occupation to that of all galaxies is largely insensitive to halo mass, but varies with redshift. In contrast, the ratio of the halo occupation of non-SMGs to that of all galaxies declines with halo mass and shows little redshift evolution. We show that the central and satellite SMGs form two distinct populations in inner cluster-halos. SMGs occupy the metal-rich side of the metallicity distribution, but rarely attain the highest metallicities because ongoing enrichment is limited by gas depletion. The brightest SMGs (S$_{850} > 10$ mJy) are found exclusively in inner cluster-halos, highlighting a strong connection between SMG luminosity and environmental density. Our results show that SMGs dominate star formation in dense environments, contributing up to $80\%$ of the SFR in inner cluster-halos at $z=4$, but less than $50\%$ in low-density regions. |
| title | Evolution of submillimeter galaxies across cosmic-web environments |
| topic | Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11751 |