Ward-Takahashi Identity and Gauge-Invariant Response Theory for Open Quantum Systems
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arXiv
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| Autori principali: | , , , |
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866915798428155904 |
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| author | Li, Hongchao Yu, Xie-Hang Nakagawa, Masaya Ueda, Masahito |
| author_facet | Li, Hongchao Yu, Xie-Hang Nakagawa, Masaya Ueda, Masahito |
| contents | We derive the Ward-Takahashi identity and establish the gauge-invariant response theory for open quantum systems described by Lindbladians to show that particle-number conservation is not necessary to satisfy gauge invariance. We construct an observable which can be used to test the gauge invariance in the absence of particle-number conservation. We derive the low-energy collective modes that emerge as a consequence of gauge invariance in open quantum systems, and find that two-body loss induces diffusive modes in dissipative Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity. Possible experimental situations for testing gauge invariance in open quantum systems are also discussed. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_13632 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Ward-Takahashi Identity and Gauge-Invariant Response Theory for Open Quantum Systems Li, Hongchao Yu, Xie-Hang Nakagawa, Masaya Ueda, Masahito Quantum Physics Quantum Gases Statistical Mechanics We derive the Ward-Takahashi identity and establish the gauge-invariant response theory for open quantum systems described by Lindbladians to show that particle-number conservation is not necessary to satisfy gauge invariance. We construct an observable which can be used to test the gauge invariance in the absence of particle-number conservation. We derive the low-energy collective modes that emerge as a consequence of gauge invariance in open quantum systems, and find that two-body loss induces diffusive modes in dissipative Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity. Possible experimental situations for testing gauge invariance in open quantum systems are also discussed. |
| title | Ward-Takahashi Identity and Gauge-Invariant Response Theory for Open Quantum Systems |
| topic | Quantum Physics Quantum Gases Statistical Mechanics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13632 |