Polar: An Algebraic Analyzer for (Probabilistic) Loops

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Moosbrugger, Marcel, Müllner, Julian, Bartocci, Ezio, Kovács, Laura
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Moosbrugger, Marcel
Müllner, Julian
Bartocci, Ezio
Kovács, Laura
author_facet Moosbrugger, Marcel
Müllner, Julian
Bartocci, Ezio
Kovács, Laura
contents We present the Polar framework for fully automating the analysis of classical and probabilistic loops using algebraic reasoning. The central theme in Polar comes with handling algebraic recurrences that precisely capture the loop semantics. To this end, our work implements a variety of techniques to compute exact closed-forms of recurrences over higher-order moments of variables, infer invariants, and derive loop sensitivities with respect to unknown parameters. Polar can analyze probabilistic loops containing if-statements, polynomial arithmetic, and common probability distributions. By translating loop analysis into linear recurrence solving, Polar uses the derived closed-forms of recurrences to compute the strongest polynomial invariant or to infer parameter sensitivity. Polar is both sound and complete within well-defined programming model restrictions. Lifting any of these restrictions results in significant hardness limits of computation. To overcome computational burdens for the sake of efficiency, Polar also provides incomplete but sound techniques to compute moments of combinations of variables.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_14573
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Polar: An Algebraic Analyzer for (Probabilistic) Loops
Moosbrugger, Marcel
Müllner, Julian
Bartocci, Ezio
Kovács, Laura
Programming Languages
We present the Polar framework for fully automating the analysis of classical and probabilistic loops using algebraic reasoning. The central theme in Polar comes with handling algebraic recurrences that precisely capture the loop semantics. To this end, our work implements a variety of techniques to compute exact closed-forms of recurrences over higher-order moments of variables, infer invariants, and derive loop sensitivities with respect to unknown parameters. Polar can analyze probabilistic loops containing if-statements, polynomial arithmetic, and common probability distributions. By translating loop analysis into linear recurrence solving, Polar uses the derived closed-forms of recurrences to compute the strongest polynomial invariant or to infer parameter sensitivity. Polar is both sound and complete within well-defined programming model restrictions. Lifting any of these restrictions results in significant hardness limits of computation. To overcome computational burdens for the sake of efficiency, Polar also provides incomplete but sound techniques to compute moments of combinations of variables.
title Polar: An Algebraic Analyzer for (Probabilistic) Loops
topic Programming Languages
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14573