ASPEN: Spectral-Temporal Fusion for Cross-Subject Brain Decoding
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866914336243449856 |
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| author | Lee, Megan Hwang, Seung Ha Choi, Inhyeok Darade, Shreyas Zhang, Mengchun Shapovalenko, Kateryna |
| author_facet | Lee, Megan Hwang, Seung Ha Choi, Inhyeok Darade, Shreyas Zhang, Mengchun Shapovalenko, Kateryna |
| contents | Cross-subject generalization in EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) remains challenging due to individual variability in neural signals. We investigate whether spectral representations offer more stable features for cross-subject transfer than temporal waveforms. Through correlation analyses across three EEG paradigms (SSVEP, P300, and Motor Imagery), we find that spectral features exhibit consistently higher cross-subject similarity than temporal signals. Motivated by this observation, we introduce ASPEN, a hybrid architecture that combines spectral and temporal feature streams via multiplicative fusion, requiring cross-modal agreement for features to propagate. Experiments across six benchmark datasets reveal that ASPEN is able to dynamically achieve the optimal spectral-temporal balance depending on the paradigm. ASPEN achieves the best unseen-subject accuracy on three of six datasets and competitive performance on others, demonstrating that multiplicative multimodal fusion enables effective cross-subject generalization. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_16147 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | ASPEN: Spectral-Temporal Fusion for Cross-Subject Brain Decoding Lee, Megan Hwang, Seung Ha Choi, Inhyeok Darade, Shreyas Zhang, Mengchun Shapovalenko, Kateryna Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Human-Computer Interaction Signal Processing Cross-subject generalization in EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) remains challenging due to individual variability in neural signals. We investigate whether spectral representations offer more stable features for cross-subject transfer than temporal waveforms. Through correlation analyses across three EEG paradigms (SSVEP, P300, and Motor Imagery), we find that spectral features exhibit consistently higher cross-subject similarity than temporal signals. Motivated by this observation, we introduce ASPEN, a hybrid architecture that combines spectral and temporal feature streams via multiplicative fusion, requiring cross-modal agreement for features to propagate. Experiments across six benchmark datasets reveal that ASPEN is able to dynamically achieve the optimal spectral-temporal balance depending on the paradigm. ASPEN achieves the best unseen-subject accuracy on three of six datasets and competitive performance on others, demonstrating that multiplicative multimodal fusion enables effective cross-subject generalization. |
| title | ASPEN: Spectral-Temporal Fusion for Cross-Subject Brain Decoding |
| topic | Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Human-Computer Interaction Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16147 |