Bayesian Quadrature: Gaussian Processes for Integration

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Mahsereci, Maren, Karvonen, Toni
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2026
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author Mahsereci, Maren
Karvonen, Toni
author_facet Mahsereci, Maren
Karvonen, Toni
contents Bayesian quadrature is a probabilistic, model-based approach to numerical integration, the estimation of intractable integrals, or expectations. Although Bayesian quadrature was popularised already in the 1980s, no systematic and comprehensive treatment has been published. The purpose of this survey is to fill this gap. We review the mathematical foundations of Bayesian quadrature from different points of view; present a systematic taxonomy for classifying different Bayesian quadrature methods along the three axes of modelling, inference, and sampling; collect general theoretical guarantees; and provide a controlled numerical study that explores and illustrates the effect of different choices along the axes of the taxonomy. We also provide a realistic assessment of practical challenges and limitations to application of Bayesian quadrature methods and include an up-to-date and nearly exhaustive bibliography that covers not only machine learning and statistics literature but all areas of mathematics and engineering in which Bayesian quadrature or equivalent methods have seen use.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_16218
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Bayesian Quadrature: Gaussian Processes for Integration
Mahsereci, Maren
Karvonen, Toni
Machine Learning
Numerical Analysis
Bayesian quadrature is a probabilistic, model-based approach to numerical integration, the estimation of intractable integrals, or expectations. Although Bayesian quadrature was popularised already in the 1980s, no systematic and comprehensive treatment has been published. The purpose of this survey is to fill this gap. We review the mathematical foundations of Bayesian quadrature from different points of view; present a systematic taxonomy for classifying different Bayesian quadrature methods along the three axes of modelling, inference, and sampling; collect general theoretical guarantees; and provide a controlled numerical study that explores and illustrates the effect of different choices along the axes of the taxonomy. We also provide a realistic assessment of practical challenges and limitations to application of Bayesian quadrature methods and include an up-to-date and nearly exhaustive bibliography that covers not only machine learning and statistics literature but all areas of mathematics and engineering in which Bayesian quadrature or equivalent methods have seen use.
title Bayesian Quadrature: Gaussian Processes for Integration
topic Machine Learning
Numerical Analysis
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16218