Continuous Fluid Antenna Sampling for Channel Estimation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
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arXiv
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
| Publicado: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866908839651049472 |
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| author | Kaveh, Masoud Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Hernando-Gallego, Francisco Martin, Diego Jantti, Riku Wong, Kai-Kit |
| author_facet | Kaveh, Masoud Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Hernando-Gallego, Francisco Martin, Diego Jantti, Riku Wong, Kai-Kit |
| contents | In this letter, we develop a continuous fluid antenna (FA) framework for uplink channel estimation in cell-free massive multiple-input and multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems. By modeling the wireless channel as a spatially correlated Gaussian random field, channel estimation is formulated as a Gaussian process (GP) regression problem with motion-constrained spatial sampling. Closed-form expressions for the linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) estimator and the corresponding estimation error are derived. A fundamental comparison with discrete port-based architectures is established under identical position constraints, showing that continuous FA sampling achieves equal or lower estimation error for any finite pilot budget, with strict improvement for non-degenerate spatial correlation models. Numerical results validate the analysis and show the performance gains of continuous FA sampling over discrete baselines. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_16459 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Continuous Fluid Antenna Sampling for Channel Estimation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Kaveh, Masoud Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Hernando-Gallego, Francisco Martin, Diego Jantti, Riku Wong, Kai-Kit Information Theory Signal Processing In this letter, we develop a continuous fluid antenna (FA) framework for uplink channel estimation in cell-free massive multiple-input and multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems. By modeling the wireless channel as a spatially correlated Gaussian random field, channel estimation is formulated as a Gaussian process (GP) regression problem with motion-constrained spatial sampling. Closed-form expressions for the linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) estimator and the corresponding estimation error are derived. A fundamental comparison with discrete port-based architectures is established under identical position constraints, showing that continuous FA sampling achieves equal or lower estimation error for any finite pilot budget, with strict improvement for non-degenerate spatial correlation models. Numerical results validate the analysis and show the performance gains of continuous FA sampling over discrete baselines. |
| title | Continuous Fluid Antenna Sampling for Channel Estimation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO |
| topic | Information Theory Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16459 |