Evidence for Multimodal Superfluidity of Neutrons
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arXiv
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2026
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| author | Ma, Yuan-Zhuo Palkanoglou, Georgios Carlson, Joseph Gandolfi, Stefano Gezerlis, Alexandros Given, Gabriel Hicks, Ashe Lee, Dean Schmidt, Kevin E. Yu, Jiabin |
| author_facet | Ma, Yuan-Zhuo Palkanoglou, Georgios Carlson, Joseph Gandolfi, Stefano Gezerlis, Alexandros Given, Gabriel Hicks, Ashe Lee, Dean Schmidt, Kevin E. Yu, Jiabin |
| contents | We present theoretical and experimental evidence for a new phase of matter in neutron-rich systems that we call multimodal superfluidity. Using ab initio lattice calculations, we show that the condensate consists of coexisting s-wave pairs, p-wave pairs in entangled double pair combinations, and quartets composed of bound states of two s-wave pairs. We identify multimodal superfluidity as a general feature of single-flavor spin-1/2 fermionic systems with attractive s-wave and p-wave interactions, provided the system is stable against collapse into a dense droplet. Beyond neutrons at sub-saturation densities, we demonstrate that this phase appears in generalized attractive extended Hubbard models in one, two, and three dimensions. We elucidate the mechanism for this coexistence using self-consistent few-body Cooper models and compare with Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. We also derive the form of the effective action and show that spin, rotational, and parity symmetries remain unbroken. Finally, we analyze experimental data to show that p-wave pair gaps and quartet gaps are present in atomic nuclei, and we discuss the consequences of this new phase for the structure and dynamics of neutron star crusts. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_17611 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Evidence for Multimodal Superfluidity of Neutrons Ma, Yuan-Zhuo Palkanoglou, Georgios Carlson, Joseph Gandolfi, Stefano Gezerlis, Alexandros Given, Gabriel Hicks, Ashe Lee, Dean Schmidt, Kevin E. Yu, Jiabin Nuclear Theory Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Superconductivity Nuclear Experiment Quantum Physics We present theoretical and experimental evidence for a new phase of matter in neutron-rich systems that we call multimodal superfluidity. Using ab initio lattice calculations, we show that the condensate consists of coexisting s-wave pairs, p-wave pairs in entangled double pair combinations, and quartets composed of bound states of two s-wave pairs. We identify multimodal superfluidity as a general feature of single-flavor spin-1/2 fermionic systems with attractive s-wave and p-wave interactions, provided the system is stable against collapse into a dense droplet. Beyond neutrons at sub-saturation densities, we demonstrate that this phase appears in generalized attractive extended Hubbard models in one, two, and three dimensions. We elucidate the mechanism for this coexistence using self-consistent few-body Cooper models and compare with Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. We also derive the form of the effective action and show that spin, rotational, and parity symmetries remain unbroken. Finally, we analyze experimental data to show that p-wave pair gaps and quartet gaps are present in atomic nuclei, and we discuss the consequences of this new phase for the structure and dynamics of neutron star crusts. |
| title | Evidence for Multimodal Superfluidity of Neutrons |
| topic | Nuclear Theory Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Superconductivity Nuclear Experiment Quantum Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.17611 |