Efficient Solvers for Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Continuous Aperture Arrays
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866908849962745856 |
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| author | Lee, Geonhee Park, Kwonyeol Park, Hyeongjun An, Jinwoo Choi, Junil |
| author_facet | Lee, Geonhee Park, Kwonyeol Park, Hyeongjun An, Jinwoo Choi, Junil |
| contents | In continuous aperture arrays (CAPAs), careful consideration of the underlying physics is essential, among which electromagnetic (EM) mutual coupling plays a critical role in beamforming performance. Building on a physically consistent mutual coupling model, the beamforming design is formulated as a functional optimization whose optimality condition leads to a Fredholm integral equation. The incorporation of the coupling model, however, substantially increases computational complexity, necessitating efficient and accurate integral equation solvers. In this letter, we propose two efficient solvers: 1) a coordinate-transformation-based kernel approximation that preserves the operator structure while alleviating discretization demands, and 2) a direct lower-upper (LU)-based solver that stably handles the Nyström-discretized system. Numerical results demonstrate improved accuracy and reduced computational overhead compared to conventional methods, with the LU-based solver emerging as an efficient and scalable solution for large-scale CAPA optimization via offline factorization. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_20599 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Efficient Solvers for Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Continuous Aperture Arrays Lee, Geonhee Park, Kwonyeol Park, Hyeongjun An, Jinwoo Choi, Junil Information Theory Signal Processing In continuous aperture arrays (CAPAs), careful consideration of the underlying physics is essential, among which electromagnetic (EM) mutual coupling plays a critical role in beamforming performance. Building on a physically consistent mutual coupling model, the beamforming design is formulated as a functional optimization whose optimality condition leads to a Fredholm integral equation. The incorporation of the coupling model, however, substantially increases computational complexity, necessitating efficient and accurate integral equation solvers. In this letter, we propose two efficient solvers: 1) a coordinate-transformation-based kernel approximation that preserves the operator structure while alleviating discretization demands, and 2) a direct lower-upper (LU)-based solver that stably handles the Nyström-discretized system. Numerical results demonstrate improved accuracy and reduced computational overhead compared to conventional methods, with the LU-based solver emerging as an efficient and scalable solution for large-scale CAPA optimization via offline factorization. |
| title | Efficient Solvers for Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Continuous Aperture Arrays |
| topic | Information Theory Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20599 |