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Main Author: Chen, Wen-Xiang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21521
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author Chen, Wen-Xiang
author_facet Chen, Wen-Xiang
contents We examine Schwarzschild black holes within the framework of gravitational thermodynamics, introducing an ``energy layer'' picture for black-hole mass-energy and exploring a possible energy-extraction mechanism termed ``quasi-superradiance.'' Building on the standard relations for Hawking temperature and Bekenstein--Hawking entropy, we formalize energy layers via quasi-local radial energy accounting (e.g.\ integrating an effective local energy density over spherical shells) and connect this bookkeeping to the free energy $\FHelm=M-Þ\SBH$. We then extend the entropy correction ansatz with explicit series inversion and derive higher-order expansions for $Þ(M)$ and $\FHelm(M)$, including logarithmic and inverse-mass terms. To enhance mathematical transparency, we add intermediate derivations, lemma/theorem statements, and appendices. The quasi-superradiant mechanism is framed as a Carnot-like thought experiment powered by the Tolman temperature gradient between the near-horizon region and infinity; we show that the generalized second law enforces the Carnot bound and yields integrated maximum-work inequalities. Throughout, we stress that the proposal is heuristic and intended as a consistency-checked framework for discussion rather than a claim of definitive new physics.
format Preprint
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institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
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spellingShingle Energy Layers and Quasi-Superradiant Heat Engines of Schwarzschild Black Holes
Chen, Wen-Xiang
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
We examine Schwarzschild black holes within the framework of gravitational thermodynamics, introducing an ``energy layer'' picture for black-hole mass-energy and exploring a possible energy-extraction mechanism termed ``quasi-superradiance.'' Building on the standard relations for Hawking temperature and Bekenstein--Hawking entropy, we formalize energy layers via quasi-local radial energy accounting (e.g.\ integrating an effective local energy density over spherical shells) and connect this bookkeeping to the free energy $\FHelm=M-Þ\SBH$. We then extend the entropy correction ansatz with explicit series inversion and derive higher-order expansions for $Þ(M)$ and $\FHelm(M)$, including logarithmic and inverse-mass terms. To enhance mathematical transparency, we add intermediate derivations, lemma/theorem statements, and appendices. The quasi-superradiant mechanism is framed as a Carnot-like thought experiment powered by the Tolman temperature gradient between the near-horizon region and infinity; we show that the generalized second law enforces the Carnot bound and yields integrated maximum-work inequalities. Throughout, we stress that the proposal is heuristic and intended as a consistency-checked framework for discussion rather than a claim of definitive new physics.
title Energy Layers and Quasi-Superradiant Heat Engines of Schwarzschild Black Holes
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21521