Learning Physical Operators using Neural Operators
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911564128321536 |
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| author | Gopakumar, Vignesh Gray, Ander Giles, Dan Zanisi, Lorenzo Kusner, Matt J. Betcke, Timo Pamela, Stanislas Deisenroth, Marc Peter |
| author_facet | Gopakumar, Vignesh Gray, Ander Giles, Dan Zanisi, Lorenzo Kusner, Matt J. Betcke, Timo Pamela, Stanislas Deisenroth, Marc Peter |
| contents | Neural operators have emerged as promising surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but struggle to generalise beyond training distributions and are often constrained to a fixed temporal discretisation. This work introduces a physics-informed training framework that addresses these limitations by decomposing PDEs using operator splitting methods, training separate neural operators to learn individual non-linear physical operators while approximating linear operators with fixed finite-difference convolutions. This modular mixture-of-experts architecture enables generalisation to novel physical regimes by explicitly encoding the underlying operator structure. We formulate the modelling task as a neural ordinary differential equation (ODE) where these learned operators constitute the right-hand side, enabling continuous-in-time predictions through standard ODE solvers and implicitly enforcing PDE constraints. Demonstrated on incompressible and compressible Navier--Stokes equations, our approach achieves better convergence and superior performance when generalising to unseen physics. The method remains parameter-efficient, enabling temporal extrapolation beyond training horizons, and provides interpretable components whose behaviour can be verified against known physics. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_23113 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Learning Physical Operators using Neural Operators Gopakumar, Vignesh Gray, Ander Giles, Dan Zanisi, Lorenzo Kusner, Matt J. Betcke, Timo Pamela, Stanislas Deisenroth, Marc Peter Machine Learning Neural operators have emerged as promising surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but struggle to generalise beyond training distributions and are often constrained to a fixed temporal discretisation. This work introduces a physics-informed training framework that addresses these limitations by decomposing PDEs using operator splitting methods, training separate neural operators to learn individual non-linear physical operators while approximating linear operators with fixed finite-difference convolutions. This modular mixture-of-experts architecture enables generalisation to novel physical regimes by explicitly encoding the underlying operator structure. We formulate the modelling task as a neural ordinary differential equation (ODE) where these learned operators constitute the right-hand side, enabling continuous-in-time predictions through standard ODE solvers and implicitly enforcing PDE constraints. Demonstrated on incompressible and compressible Navier--Stokes equations, our approach achieves better convergence and superior performance when generalising to unseen physics. The method remains parameter-efficient, enabling temporal extrapolation beyond training horizons, and provides interpretable components whose behaviour can be verified against known physics. |
| title | Learning Physical Operators using Neural Operators |
| topic | Machine Learning |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23113 |