Deep ensemble graph neural networks for probabilistic cosmic-ray direction and energy reconstruction in autonomous radio arrays

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Ferrière, Arsène, Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien, Martineau-Huynh, Olivier, Tueros, Matías
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2026
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author Ferrière, Arsène
Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien
Martineau-Huynh, Olivier
Tueros, Matías
author_facet Ferrière, Arsène
Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien
Martineau-Huynh, Olivier
Tueros, Matías
contents Using advanced machine learning techniques, we developed a method for reconstructing precisely the arrival direction and energy of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from the voltage traces they induced on ground-based radio detector arrays. In our approach, triggered antennas are represented as a graph structure, which serves as input for a graph neural network (GNN). By incorporating physical knowledge into both the GNN architecture and the input data, we improve the precision and reduce the required size of the training set with respect to a fully data-driven approach. This method achieves an angular resolution of 0.092° and an electromagnetic energy reconstruction resolution of 16.4% on simulated data with realistic noise conditions. We also employ uncertainty estimation methods to enhance the reliability of our predictions, quantifying the confidence of the GNN's outputs and providing confidence intervals for both direction and energy reconstruction. Finally, we investigate strategies to verify the model's consistency and robustness under real life variations, with the goal of identifying scenarios in which predictions remain reliable despite domain shifts between simulation and reality.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_23321
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Deep ensemble graph neural networks for probabilistic cosmic-ray direction and energy reconstruction in autonomous radio arrays
Ferrière, Arsène
Benoit-Lévy, Aurélien
Martineau-Huynh, Olivier
Tueros, Matías
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Machine Learning
Using advanced machine learning techniques, we developed a method for reconstructing precisely the arrival direction and energy of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from the voltage traces they induced on ground-based radio detector arrays. In our approach, triggered antennas are represented as a graph structure, which serves as input for a graph neural network (GNN). By incorporating physical knowledge into both the GNN architecture and the input data, we improve the precision and reduce the required size of the training set with respect to a fully data-driven approach. This method achieves an angular resolution of 0.092° and an electromagnetic energy reconstruction resolution of 16.4% on simulated data with realistic noise conditions. We also employ uncertainty estimation methods to enhance the reliability of our predictions, quantifying the confidence of the GNN's outputs and providing confidence intervals for both direction and energy reconstruction. Finally, we investigate strategies to verify the model's consistency and robustness under real life variations, with the goal of identifying scenarios in which predictions remain reliable despite domain shifts between simulation and reality.
title Deep ensemble graph neural networks for probabilistic cosmic-ray direction and energy reconstruction in autonomous radio arrays
topic Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23321