The hydrodynamics of stratified ultra-relativistic outflows and the origin of GRB X-ray plateaus
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arXiv
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| Autores principales: | , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
| Publicado: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866913078959931392 |
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| author | Sadeh, Gilad Hotokezaka, Kenta Shibata, Masaru |
| author_facet | Sadeh, Gilad Hotokezaka, Kenta Shibata, Masaru |
| contents | The origin of the X-ray plateau phase observed in a large fraction of gamma-ray burst afterglows remains debated. We present a novel analytic framework for the hydrodynamics of ultra-relativistic, radially stratified outflows interacting with an external medium. By explicitly accounting for a continuous distribution of Lorentz factors within the ejecta, we derive analytic expressions describing the evolution of a long-lived, mildly relativistic reverse shock and determine its crossing time. Then, we compute the resulting synchrotron emission from both the forward and reverse shocks. The forward shock naturally produces a shallow, long-lasting X-ray decay consistent with the observed properties of X-ray plateaus, including the Dainotti relation, without requiring prolonged central-engine activity or an additional high-energy emission component. We further show that reproducing the observed plateau durations requires a broad distribution of ejecta Lorentz factors, extending down to $γ_\text{min}\sim70-100$, consistent with the ultra-relativistic outflow that powers the prompt $γ$-ray emission. The reverse shock generates a long-lived millimeter emission component that outshines the forward shock emission at these wavelengths. Both the plateau and reverse shock emission terminate smoothly once the slowest ejecta are processed, marking a transition to the standard Blandford-McKee self-similar evolution. Such stratified outflows are expected on physical grounds, as the ultra-relativistic ejecta responsible for the prompt $γ$-ray emission are unlikely to be launched with a single Lorentz factor. This model provides a unified picture in which the same outflow powers the prompt emission, the X-ray plateau, and the subsequent afterglow evolution. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2602_24085 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The hydrodynamics of stratified ultra-relativistic outflows and the origin of GRB X-ray plateaus Sadeh, Gilad Hotokezaka, Kenta Shibata, Masaru High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena The origin of the X-ray plateau phase observed in a large fraction of gamma-ray burst afterglows remains debated. We present a novel analytic framework for the hydrodynamics of ultra-relativistic, radially stratified outflows interacting with an external medium. By explicitly accounting for a continuous distribution of Lorentz factors within the ejecta, we derive analytic expressions describing the evolution of a long-lived, mildly relativistic reverse shock and determine its crossing time. Then, we compute the resulting synchrotron emission from both the forward and reverse shocks. The forward shock naturally produces a shallow, long-lasting X-ray decay consistent with the observed properties of X-ray plateaus, including the Dainotti relation, without requiring prolonged central-engine activity or an additional high-energy emission component. We further show that reproducing the observed plateau durations requires a broad distribution of ejecta Lorentz factors, extending down to $γ_\text{min}\sim70-100$, consistent with the ultra-relativistic outflow that powers the prompt $γ$-ray emission. The reverse shock generates a long-lived millimeter emission component that outshines the forward shock emission at these wavelengths. Both the plateau and reverse shock emission terminate smoothly once the slowest ejecta are processed, marking a transition to the standard Blandford-McKee self-similar evolution. Such stratified outflows are expected on physical grounds, as the ultra-relativistic ejecta responsible for the prompt $γ$-ray emission are unlikely to be launched with a single Lorentz factor. This model provides a unified picture in which the same outflow powers the prompt emission, the X-ray plateau, and the subsequent afterglow evolution. |
| title | The hydrodynamics of stratified ultra-relativistic outflows and the origin of GRB X-ray plateaus |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.24085 |