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Main Authors: Denisov, Artem O., Adam, Christoph, Duprez, Hadrien, Richter, Jessica, Chen, Zhuoyu, Hofmann, Andrea, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Ihn, Thomas, Ensslin, Klaus
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00762
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author Denisov, Artem O.
Adam, Christoph
Duprez, Hadrien
Richter, Jessica
Chen, Zhuoyu
Hofmann, Andrea
Watanabe, Kenji
Taniguchi, Takashi
Ihn, Thomas
Ensslin, Klaus
author_facet Denisov, Artem O.
Adam, Christoph
Duprez, Hadrien
Richter, Jessica
Chen, Zhuoyu
Hofmann, Andrea
Watanabe, Kenji
Taniguchi, Takashi
Ihn, Thomas
Ensslin, Klaus
contents We demonstrate a method to determine energy level degeneracies using non-equilibrium electronic transport through voltage-biased quantum dots. We establish the general validity of this approach using single and double quantum dots in bilayer graphene and GaAs. Unlike established methods based on entropy measurements or time-resolved tunneling statistics, our approach achieves comparable precision without requiring calibrated electron heating or real-time charge detection. We resolve the predicted symmetric shell structure in bilayer graphene quantum dots, including a singlet ground state at half filling and the ground state degeneracies of the first 13 carriers. Extending the method to double quantum dots, we observe degeneracy doubling associated with bonding and antibonding orbitals for a single carrier and a fourfold degeneracy for two carriers, previously inaccessible with existing techniques. These results establish a conceptually general and experimentally straightforward approach for probing energy level degeneracies in complex quantum systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_00762
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Non-equilibrium transport reveals energy level degeneracy
Denisov, Artem O.
Adam, Christoph
Duprez, Hadrien
Richter, Jessica
Chen, Zhuoyu
Hofmann, Andrea
Watanabe, Kenji
Taniguchi, Takashi
Ihn, Thomas
Ensslin, Klaus
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
We demonstrate a method to determine energy level degeneracies using non-equilibrium electronic transport through voltage-biased quantum dots. We establish the general validity of this approach using single and double quantum dots in bilayer graphene and GaAs. Unlike established methods based on entropy measurements or time-resolved tunneling statistics, our approach achieves comparable precision without requiring calibrated electron heating or real-time charge detection. We resolve the predicted symmetric shell structure in bilayer graphene quantum dots, including a singlet ground state at half filling and the ground state degeneracies of the first 13 carriers. Extending the method to double quantum dots, we observe degeneracy doubling associated with bonding and antibonding orbitals for a single carrier and a fourfold degeneracy for two carriers, previously inaccessible with existing techniques. These results establish a conceptually general and experimentally straightforward approach for probing energy level degeneracies in complex quantum systems.
title Non-equilibrium transport reveals energy level degeneracy
topic Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00762