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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Corbae, Paul, Abelson, Alex, Srivastava, Shivani, Lee, Heemin, Huang, Bevin, Lee, Lyrik R-J, Rash, Davis B., Kuo, Cheng-Tai, Lu, Donghui, Pendharkar, Mihir, Alegria, Loren D., Li, Tian T., Ray, Keith G., Harvey, Shannon P., Mehta, Apurva, Schuster, David I., Lordi, Vincenzo, Welander, Paul B., Lee, Jun-Sik
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.01364
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Table of Contents:
  • Decoherence remains a critical obstacle to achieving high-fidelity, scalable superconducting qubits, with the tunnel barrier of Josephson junctions a key source of loss. Here we apply resonant X-ray reflectivity to non-destructively probe the electronic structure of buried layers in Al/AlO$_x$/Al Josephson junctions. At the Al $K$-edge, energy-dependent modulations in the reflectivity maps enable Kramers-Kronig-constrained extraction of the layer-resolved atomic scattering factors. The analysis reveals that the barrier coordination evolves from more tetrahedral toward predominantly octahedral character with increasing oxidation pressure. At the interfaces, the lower metal-oxide boundary is comparatively under-coordinated and disordered relative to the upper interface. Comparison with simulated X-ray absorption spectra identifies the dominant coordination motifs within the oxide and its interfaces, providing depth-resolved structural insight that constrains microscopic models of two-level system formation. These results link growth conditions, local coordination environments, and junction electronic properties, demonstrating resonant X-ray reflectivity as a powerful tool for probing the microscopic materials properties of Josephson junctions and providing a materials-level framework for mitigating decoherence in superconducting qubits.