Time-Domain Photometry and Activity Evolution of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM
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2026
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| author | Gillan, A. Fraser Wyrzykowski, Łukasz Mikołajczyk, Przemysław J. Kotysz, Krzysztof Bufanda, Erica Chandler, Colin O. Fişek, Süleyman Hsieh, Henry H. Kelley, Michael S. P. Pessi, Priscila J. Robinson, James E. Aliş, Sinan Bykowski, Wieńczysław Cannon, Richard E. Dominik, Martin Handzlik, Barbara İçen, Mehmet Kurowski, Sebastian Kutluay, Ahmet Cem Majumdar, Joysankar Nehir, Çağlayan O'Neill, David Ötken, Sibel Pu, Kangming Şimşir, Özlem Snodgrass, Colin Tezcan, Cihan Tuğrul Tezcan, Fatma Wicker, Mauritz Yelkenci, Fuat Korhan Żejmo, Michał Ackley, Kendall Andersen, M. Ávalos-Vega, C. Belkin, Sergey Bozza, V. Breton, Rene P. Burgdorf, M. J. Casares, Jorge Dhillon, Vik Donaldson, A. Dyer, Martin J. Jaimes, R. Figuera Galloway, Duncan K. Hinse, T. C. Hundertmark, M. Khalouei, E. Killestein, Thomas Kotak, Rubina Kumar, Amit Liu, Feng-Yuan Frey Longa-Peña, P. Lyman, Joe Mancini, Luigi Moharana, A. Molina, V. Noysena, Kanthanakorn Nuttall, Laura Kate O'Brien, Paul Okoth, V. Opitom, C. Pollacco, Don Rabus, M. Ramsay, Gavin Sajadian, S. Martin, A. Salinas San Skottfelt, J. Southworth, J. Steeghs, Danny Tregloan-Reed, J. Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Vieliute, R. |
| author_facet | Gillan, A. Fraser Wyrzykowski, Łukasz Mikołajczyk, Przemysław J. Kotysz, Krzysztof Bufanda, Erica Chandler, Colin O. Fişek, Süleyman Hsieh, Henry H. Kelley, Michael S. P. Pessi, Priscila J. Robinson, James E. Aliş, Sinan Bykowski, Wieńczysław Cannon, Richard E. Dominik, Martin Handzlik, Barbara İçen, Mehmet Kurowski, Sebastian Kutluay, Ahmet Cem Majumdar, Joysankar Nehir, Çağlayan O'Neill, David Ötken, Sibel Pu, Kangming Şimşir, Özlem Snodgrass, Colin Tezcan, Cihan Tuğrul Tezcan, Fatma Wicker, Mauritz Yelkenci, Fuat Korhan Żejmo, Michał Ackley, Kendall Andersen, M. Ávalos-Vega, C. Belkin, Sergey Bozza, V. Breton, Rene P. Burgdorf, M. J. Casares, Jorge Dhillon, Vik Donaldson, A. Dyer, Martin J. Jaimes, R. Figuera Galloway, Duncan K. Hinse, T. C. Hundertmark, M. Khalouei, E. Killestein, Thomas Kotak, Rubina Kumar, Amit Liu, Feng-Yuan Frey Longa-Peña, P. Lyman, Joe Mancini, Luigi Moharana, A. Molina, V. Noysena, Kanthanakorn Nuttall, Laura Kate O'Brien, Paul Okoth, V. Opitom, C. Pollacco, Don Rabus, M. Ramsay, Gavin Sajadian, S. Martin, A. Salinas San Skottfelt, J. Southworth, J. Steeghs, Danny Tregloan-Reed, J. Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Vieliute, R. |
| contents | Time-domain photometric monitoring is essential for characterizing cometary evolution, particularly for rare interstellar objects with limited observing opportunities. We aimed to characterize the pre-perihelion photometric behavior and dust activity of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, and to test the capability of the Black Hole Target and Observation Manager (BHTOM) platform and telescope network for coordinated high-cadence non-sidereal observations. We obtained 70 days of time-series photometry of 3I/ATLAS from 2025 July 4 - September 11 using 16 telescopes and 1554 images. The data were processed and calibrated with the BHTOM pipeline. High-cadence, multi-band imaging was used to measure the rotation period and color evolution, while the dust activity was quantified via Afp measurements. We present a pre-perihelion light curve of 3I/ATLAS from Rh = 3.18 - 2.19 au, which exhibited a steady increase of ~3 magnitudes with no evidence of anomalous behavior. We measured a rotation period of P_rot = 15.98 +/- 0.08 h. The relative dust production increased from A(0)fp ~600 - 1100 cm, and the upper limit on the dust mass-loss rate increased from \leq 217 kg/s to \leq 328 kg/s. We measured an activity index of n = -1.24 +/- 0.02, consistent with a well-developed dust coma. The colors were statistically non-changing, with only a weak, non-significant tendency for 3I/ATLAS to become bluer at 3.5 > Rh > 2.2 au. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_01383 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Time-Domain Photometry and Activity Evolution of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM Gillan, A. Fraser Wyrzykowski, Łukasz Mikołajczyk, Przemysław J. Kotysz, Krzysztof Bufanda, Erica Chandler, Colin O. Fişek, Süleyman Hsieh, Henry H. Kelley, Michael S. P. Pessi, Priscila J. Robinson, James E. Aliş, Sinan Bykowski, Wieńczysław Cannon, Richard E. Dominik, Martin Handzlik, Barbara İçen, Mehmet Kurowski, Sebastian Kutluay, Ahmet Cem Majumdar, Joysankar Nehir, Çağlayan O'Neill, David Ötken, Sibel Pu, Kangming Şimşir, Özlem Snodgrass, Colin Tezcan, Cihan Tuğrul Tezcan, Fatma Wicker, Mauritz Yelkenci, Fuat Korhan Żejmo, Michał Ackley, Kendall Andersen, M. Ávalos-Vega, C. Belkin, Sergey Bozza, V. Breton, Rene P. Burgdorf, M. J. Casares, Jorge Dhillon, Vik Donaldson, A. Dyer, Martin J. Jaimes, R. Figuera Galloway, Duncan K. Hinse, T. C. Hundertmark, M. Khalouei, E. Killestein, Thomas Kotak, Rubina Kumar, Amit Liu, Feng-Yuan Frey Longa-Peña, P. Lyman, Joe Mancini, Luigi Moharana, A. Molina, V. Noysena, Kanthanakorn Nuttall, Laura Kate O'Brien, Paul Okoth, V. Opitom, C. Pollacco, Don Rabus, M. Ramsay, Gavin Sajadian, S. Martin, A. Salinas San Skottfelt, J. Southworth, J. Steeghs, Danny Tregloan-Reed, J. Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Vieliute, R. Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Time-domain photometric monitoring is essential for characterizing cometary evolution, particularly for rare interstellar objects with limited observing opportunities. We aimed to characterize the pre-perihelion photometric behavior and dust activity of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, and to test the capability of the Black Hole Target and Observation Manager (BHTOM) platform and telescope network for coordinated high-cadence non-sidereal observations. We obtained 70 days of time-series photometry of 3I/ATLAS from 2025 July 4 - September 11 using 16 telescopes and 1554 images. The data were processed and calibrated with the BHTOM pipeline. High-cadence, multi-band imaging was used to measure the rotation period and color evolution, while the dust activity was quantified via Afp measurements. We present a pre-perihelion light curve of 3I/ATLAS from Rh = 3.18 - 2.19 au, which exhibited a steady increase of ~3 magnitudes with no evidence of anomalous behavior. We measured a rotation period of P_rot = 15.98 +/- 0.08 h. The relative dust production increased from A(0)fp ~600 - 1100 cm, and the upper limit on the dust mass-loss rate increased from \leq 217 kg/s to \leq 328 kg/s. We measured an activity index of n = -1.24 +/- 0.02, consistent with a well-developed dust coma. The colors were statistically non-changing, with only a weak, non-significant tendency for 3I/ATLAS to become bluer at 3.5 > Rh > 2.2 au. |
| title | Time-Domain Photometry and Activity Evolution of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.01383 |