Probing Planck-Scale Physics with High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866915830600564736 |
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| author | Profumo, Stefano |
| author_facet | Profumo, Stefano |
| contents | We develop a framework for testing quantum gravity through the stochastic gravitational-wave background produced by evaporating near-Planck-mass primordial black holes. Because gravitons free-stream from the emission region without rescattering, they preserve a direct spectral record of the black-hole temperature--mass relation $T(M)$, a relation that is erased for all other Hawking-radiated species by rapid thermalization. We translate six representative phenomenological beyond-semiclassical frameworks (the generalized uncertainty principle, loop quantum gravity, noncommutative geometry, asymptotic safety, string/Hagedorn physics, and tunneling backreaction) into distinct $T(M)$ parametrizations and compute the resulting gravitational wave spectra numerically. Modifications that suppress $T(M)$ shift the spectral peak by up to ten decades in frequency, in some cases into the sensitivity bands of next-generation interferometers or resonant-cavity detectors, while models imposing a hard evaporation cutoff produce distinctive peak morphologies that discriminate between quantum-gravity scenarios. We further discuss the impact of different choices for post-inflationary conditions in the very early universe. We find that the relative spectral displacement between the standard Hawking prediction and any modified model is cosmology-independent, hence spectral shape rather than absolute peak frequency provides the cleanest probe of Planck-scale physics. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_02493 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Probing Planck-Scale Physics with High-Frequency Gravitational Waves Profumo, Stefano High Energy Physics - Phenomenology High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology High Energy Physics - Theory We develop a framework for testing quantum gravity through the stochastic gravitational-wave background produced by evaporating near-Planck-mass primordial black holes. Because gravitons free-stream from the emission region without rescattering, they preserve a direct spectral record of the black-hole temperature--mass relation $T(M)$, a relation that is erased for all other Hawking-radiated species by rapid thermalization. We translate six representative phenomenological beyond-semiclassical frameworks (the generalized uncertainty principle, loop quantum gravity, noncommutative geometry, asymptotic safety, string/Hagedorn physics, and tunneling backreaction) into distinct $T(M)$ parametrizations and compute the resulting gravitational wave spectra numerically. Modifications that suppress $T(M)$ shift the spectral peak by up to ten decades in frequency, in some cases into the sensitivity bands of next-generation interferometers or resonant-cavity detectors, while models imposing a hard evaporation cutoff produce distinctive peak morphologies that discriminate between quantum-gravity scenarios. We further discuss the impact of different choices for post-inflationary conditions in the very early universe. We find that the relative spectral displacement between the standard Hawking prediction and any modified model is cosmology-independent, hence spectral shape rather than absolute peak frequency provides the cleanest probe of Planck-scale physics. |
| title | Probing Planck-Scale Physics with High-Frequency Gravitational Waves |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02493 |