From Threat Intelligence to Firewall Rules: Semantic Relations in Hybrid AI Agent and Expert System Architectures

Fuente: arXiv

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Bonfanti, Chiara, Colaiacomo, Davide, Cagliero, Luca, Basile, Cataldo
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Artificial Intelligence Computation and Language Cryptography and Security
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

A Neuro-Symbolic Multi-Agent Approach to Legal-Cybersecurity Knowledge Integration
by: Bonfanti, Chiara, et al.
Published: (2025)

Enforcing Benign Trajectories: A Behavioral Firewall for Structured-Workflow AI Agents
by: Dang, Hung
Published: (2026)

Towards a scalable AI-driven framework for data-independent Cyber Threat Intelligence Information Extraction
by: Sorokoletova, Olga, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Cognitive Firewall:Securing Browser Based AI Agents Against Indirect Prompt Injection Via Hybrid Edge Cloud Defense
by: Lan, Qianlong, et al.
Published: (2026)

Watch Out for Your Agents! Investigating Backdoor Threats to LLM-Based Agents
by: Yang, Wenkai, et al.
Published: (2024)

Cross-Session Threats in AI Agents: Benchmark, Evaluation, and Algorithms
by: Azarafrooz, Ari
Published: (2026)

FALCON: Autonomous Cyber Threat Intelligence Mining with LLMs for IDS Rule Generation
by: Mitra, Shaswata, et al.
Published: (2025)

Actionable Cyber Threat Intelligence using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models
by: Fieblinger, Romy, et al.
Published: (2024)

The Use of Large Language Models (LLM) for Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) in Cybercrime Forums
by: Clairoux-Trepanier, Vanessa, et al.
Published: (2024)

Cyber Threat Intelligence for Artificial Intelligence Systems
by: Krawczyk, Natalia, et al.
Published: (2026)

ATLANTIS: AI-driven Threat Localization, Analysis, and Triage Intelligence System
by: Kim, Taesoo, et al.
Published: (2025)

LeakDojo: Decoding the Leakage Threats of RAG Systems
by: Zhang, Maosen, et al.
Published: (2026)

Cognitive Control Architecture (CCA): A Lifecycle Supervision Framework for Robustly Aligned AI Agents
by: Liang, Zhibo, et al.
Published: (2025)

MAGE: Safeguarding LLM Agents against Long-Horizon Threats via Shadow Memory
by: Wang, Yuhui, et al.
Published: (2026)

From Threat to Tool: Leveraging Refusal-Aware Injection Attacks for Safety Alignment
by: Chae, Kyubyung, et al.
Published: (2025)

LlamaFirewall: An open source guardrail system for building secure AI agents
by: Chennabasappa, Sahana, et al.
Published: (2025)

Introducing the Generative Application Firewall (GAF)
by: Farreny, Joan Vendrell, et al.
Published: (2026)

TITAN: Graph-Executable Reasoning for Cyber Threat Intelligence
by: Simoni, Marco, et al.
Published: (2025)

Demystifying the Role of Rule-based Detection in AI Systems for Windows Malware Detection
by: Ponte, Andrea, et al.
Published: (2025)

Prompt Injection 2.0: Hybrid AI Threats
by: McHugh, Jeremy, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Landscape of Prompt Injection Threats in LLM Agents: From Taxonomy to Analysis
by: Wang, Peiran, et al.
Published: (2026)

From Prompt Injections to Protocol Exploits: Threats in LLM-Powered AI Agents Workflows
by: Ferrag, Mohamed Amine, et al.
Published: (2025)

Towards Secure Agent Skills: Architecture, Threat Taxonomy, and Security Analysis
by: Li, Zhiyuan, et al.
Published: (2026)

BraveGuard: From Open-World Threats to Safer Computer-Use Agents
by: Feng, Yunhao, et al.
Published: (2026)

From Retrieval to Reasoning: A Framework for Cyber Threat Intelligence NER with Explicit and Adaptive Instructions
by: Peng, Jiaren, et al.
Published: (2025)

Resource Consumption Threats in Large Language Models
by: Zhang, Yuanhe, et al.
Published: (2026)

The Ethics of Interaction: Mitigating Security Threats in LLMs
by: Kumar, Ashutosh, et al.
Published: (2024)

ATAG: AI-Agent Application Threat Assessment with Attack Graphs
by: Gandhi, Parth Atulbhai, et al.
Published: (2025)

Securing Generative AI Agentic Workflows: Risks, Mitigation, and a Proposed Firewall Architecture
by: Bahadur, Sunil Kumar Jang, et al.
Published: (2025)

A Survey on Agentic Security: Applications, Threats and Defenses
by: Shahriar, Asif, et al.
Published: (2025)

A Formal Model of Security Controls' Capabilities and Its Applications to Policy Refinement and Incident Management
by: Basile, Cataldo, et al.
Published: (2024)

From Firewalls to Frontiers: AI Red-Teaming is a Domain-Specific Evolution of Cyber Red-Teaming
by: Sinha, Anusha, et al.
Published: (2025)

Technical Report: Exploring the Emerging Threats of the Agent Skill Ecosystem
by: Beurer-Kellner, Luca, et al.
Published: (2026)

Proof-of-Guardrail in AI Agents and What (Not) to Trust from It
by: Jin, Xisen, et al.
Published: (2026)

Data Poisoning Vulnerabilities Across Healthcare AI Architectures: A Security Threat Analysis
by: Abtahi, Farhad, et al.
Published: (2025)

AI-Driven Cyber Threat Intelligence Automation
by: Shah, Shrit, et al.
Published: (2024)

BinaryShield: Cross-Service Threat Intelligence in LLM Services using Privacy-Preserving Fingerprints
by: Gill, Waris, et al.
Published: (2025)

Securing Agentic AI: A Comprehensive Threat Model and Mitigation Framework for Generative AI Agents
by: Narajala, Vineeth Sai, et al.
Published: (2025)

ExCyTIn-Bench: Evaluating LLM agents on Cyber Threat Investigation
by: Wu, Yiran, et al.
Published: (2025)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c"
ui	"standard"
language	"en"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790992831.7433 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1759}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c; ui=standard; language=en"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.217.142"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"54667"
REDIRECT_URL	""" /Record/\n arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_03911/Similar """
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/%0Aarxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_03911/Similar"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790992831.7391
REQUEST_TIME	1790992831

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c"
ui	"standard"
language	"en"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790992831.7433 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1759}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c; ui=standard; language=en"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.217.142"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"54667"
REDIRECT_URL	""" /Record/\n arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_03911/Similar """
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/%0Aarxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_03911/Similar"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790992831.7391
REQUEST_TIME	1790992831

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Similar Items

Similar Items

Environment & details:

Environment & details: