Lightweight and Scalable Transfer Learning Framework for Load Disaggregation
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Garcia-Marrero, L. E. Petrone, G. Monmasson, E. |
| author_facet | Garcia-Marrero, L. E. Petrone, G. Monmasson, E. |
| contents | Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) aims to estimate appliance-level consumption from aggregate electrical signals recorded at a single measurement point. In recent years, the field has increasingly adopted deep learning approaches; however, cross-domain generalization remains a persistent challenge due to variations in appliance characteristics, usage patterns, and background loads across homes. Transfer learning provides a practical paradigm to adapt models with limited target data. However, existing methods often assume a fixed appliance set, lack flexibility for evolving real-world deployments, remain unsuitable for edge devices, or scale poorly for real-time operation. This paper proposes RefQuery, a scalable multi-appliance, multi-task NILM framework that conditions disaggregation on compact appliance fingerprints, allowing one shared model to serve many appliances without a fixed output set. RefQuery keeps a pretrained disaggregation network fully frozen and adapts to a target home by learning only a per-appliance embedding during a lightweight backpropagation stage. Experiments on three public datasets demonstrate that RefQuery delivers a strong accuracy-efficiency trade-off against single-appliance and multi-appliance baselines, including modern Transformer-based methods. These results support RefQuery as a practical path toward scalable, real-time NILM on resource-constrained edge devices. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_04998 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Lightweight and Scalable Transfer Learning Framework for Load Disaggregation Garcia-Marrero, L. E. Petrone, G. Monmasson, E. Machine Learning Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) aims to estimate appliance-level consumption from aggregate electrical signals recorded at a single measurement point. In recent years, the field has increasingly adopted deep learning approaches; however, cross-domain generalization remains a persistent challenge due to variations in appliance characteristics, usage patterns, and background loads across homes. Transfer learning provides a practical paradigm to adapt models with limited target data. However, existing methods often assume a fixed appliance set, lack flexibility for evolving real-world deployments, remain unsuitable for edge devices, or scale poorly for real-time operation. This paper proposes RefQuery, a scalable multi-appliance, multi-task NILM framework that conditions disaggregation on compact appliance fingerprints, allowing one shared model to serve many appliances without a fixed output set. RefQuery keeps a pretrained disaggregation network fully frozen and adapts to a target home by learning only a per-appliance embedding during a lightweight backpropagation stage. Experiments on three public datasets demonstrate that RefQuery delivers a strong accuracy-efficiency trade-off against single-appliance and multi-appliance baselines, including modern Transformer-based methods. These results support RefQuery as a practical path toward scalable, real-time NILM on resource-constrained edge devices. |
| title | Lightweight and Scalable Transfer Learning Framework for Load Disaggregation |
| topic | Machine Learning |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.04998 |