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Main Author: Zambrano, Leonardo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05137
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author Zambrano, Leonardo
author_facet Zambrano, Leonardo
contents Classical shadow tomography has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems with favorable sample complexity. Standard theoretical guarantees, however, rely on the assumption that experimental rounds are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This idealization is often violated in practice, where parameter drift, environmental noise, and active feedback generate history-dependent sequences of states or channels. To address this, we introduce a robust classical shadow protocol based on a truncated mean estimator. We prove that its sample complexity for predicting properties of the time-averaged state or channel matches the standard i.i.d. scaling governed by the shadow norm, even when experimental rounds depend arbitrarily on the past. Our results establish the robustness of the shadow formalism beyond the i.i.d. regime.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05137
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Classical shadows for non-iid quantum sources
Zambrano, Leonardo
Quantum Physics
Classical shadow tomography has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems with favorable sample complexity. Standard theoretical guarantees, however, rely on the assumption that experimental rounds are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This idealization is often violated in practice, where parameter drift, environmental noise, and active feedback generate history-dependent sequences of states or channels. To address this, we introduce a robust classical shadow protocol based on a truncated mean estimator. We prove that its sample complexity for predicting properties of the time-averaged state or channel matches the standard i.i.d. scaling governed by the shadow norm, even when experimental rounds depend arbitrarily on the past. Our results establish the robustness of the shadow formalism beyond the i.i.d. regime.
title Classical shadows for non-iid quantum sources
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05137