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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Online-Zugang: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05182 |
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| _version_ | 1866917316105601024 |
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| author | Li, Ruiheng Luo, Zhong-hao Wang, Zehong Huang, Fa Peng |
| author_facet | Li, Ruiheng Luo, Zhong-hao Wang, Zehong Huang, Fa Peng |
| contents | Kerr black hole (BH) superradiance can form gravitational atoms and produce characteristic gravitational-wave signals, providing a probe of ultralight bosons and dark matter. In realistic systems, accretion-disk gravity can shift energy levels and mix states, modifying the effective superradiant growth. We model the disk as a weak external perturbation via a multipole expansion and derive an effective three-level Hamiltonian for the $n=2$ subspace $\{\ket{211},\ket{210},\ket{21-1}\}$ in the weak-coupling regime. The leading disk effect is the quadrupolar ($\ell_d=2$) tidal field, whose symmetries fix the selection rules: axisymmetry gives only diagonal shifts, equatorial nonaxisymmetry activates $Δm=\pm2$ mixing ($\ket{211}\leftrightarrow\ket{21-1}$), and breaking equatorial reflection opens $Δm=\pm1$ couplings involving $\ket{210}$. As illustrations, a transient equatorial $m=2$ spiral wave drives the resulting two-level system and can suppress or quench superradiance by populating a decaying mode, while a quasi-static warp produces full three-level mixing and can generate narrow ``growth gaps'' near accidental near-degeneracies, with the same static reshuffling also allowing enhancement when weight shifts toward the growing mode. These findings demonstrate that accretion disk perturbations are a crucial environmental factor in determining the dynamics of BH superradiance and the evolution of boson clouds, thereby providing a more reliable theoretical basis for assessing the detectability of ultralight bosons in realistic astrophysical settings. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05182 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Accretion Disk Perturbations and Their Effects on Kerr Black Hole Superradiance and Gravitational Atom Evolution Li, Ruiheng Luo, Zhong-hao Wang, Zehong Huang, Fa Peng General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology Kerr black hole (BH) superradiance can form gravitational atoms and produce characteristic gravitational-wave signals, providing a probe of ultralight bosons and dark matter. In realistic systems, accretion-disk gravity can shift energy levels and mix states, modifying the effective superradiant growth. We model the disk as a weak external perturbation via a multipole expansion and derive an effective three-level Hamiltonian for the $n=2$ subspace $\{\ket{211},\ket{210},\ket{21-1}\}$ in the weak-coupling regime. The leading disk effect is the quadrupolar ($\ell_d=2$) tidal field, whose symmetries fix the selection rules: axisymmetry gives only diagonal shifts, equatorial nonaxisymmetry activates $Δm=\pm2$ mixing ($\ket{211}\leftrightarrow\ket{21-1}$), and breaking equatorial reflection opens $Δm=\pm1$ couplings involving $\ket{210}$. As illustrations, a transient equatorial $m=2$ spiral wave drives the resulting two-level system and can suppress or quench superradiance by populating a decaying mode, while a quasi-static warp produces full three-level mixing and can generate narrow ``growth gaps'' near accidental near-degeneracies, with the same static reshuffling also allowing enhancement when weight shifts toward the growing mode. These findings demonstrate that accretion disk perturbations are a crucial environmental factor in determining the dynamics of BH superradiance and the evolution of boson clouds, thereby providing a more reliable theoretical basis for assessing the detectability of ultralight bosons in realistic astrophysical settings. |
| title | Accretion Disk Perturbations and Their Effects on Kerr Black Hole Superradiance and Gravitational Atom Evolution |
| topic | General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05182 |