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GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects

Fuente: arXiv

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Zhou, Ji-Xuan, Peretto, Nicolas, Rigby, A. J., Adam, R., Ade, P., Ajeddig, H., Amarantidis, S., André, P., Aussel, H., Bacmann, A., Beelen, A., Benoît, A., Berta, S., Béthermin, M., Bongiovanni, A., Bounmy, J., Bourrion, O., Calvo, M., Catalano, A., Chérouvrier, D., De Petris, M., Désert, F. -X., Doyle, S., Driessen, E. F. C., Ejlali, G., Ferragamo, A., Gomez, A., Goupy, J., Hanser, C., Katsioli, S., Kéruzoré, F., Kramer, C., Ladjelate, B., Lagache, G., Leclercq, S., Lestrade, J. -F., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Madden, S. C., Maury, A., Mayet, F., Monfardini, A., Moyer-Anin, A., Muñoz-Echeverría, M., Myserlis, I., Nguyen-Luong, Q., Paliwal, A., Perotto, L., Pisano, G., Ponthieu, N., Revéret, V., Ritacco, A., Roussel, H., Ruppin, F., Sánchez-Portal, M., Savorgnano, S., Schuster, K., Sievers, A., Tucker, C., Zylka, R.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Astrophysics of Galaxies
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866908984516018176
author	Zhou, Ji-Xuan Peretto, Nicolas Rigby, A. J. Adam, R. Ade, P. Ajeddig, H. Amarantidis, S. André, P. Aussel, H. Bacmann, A. Beelen, A. Benoît, A. Berta, S. Béthermin, M. Bongiovanni, A. Bounmy, J. Bourrion, O. Calvo, M. Catalano, A. Chérouvrier, D. De Petris, M. Désert, F. -X. Doyle, S. Driessen, E. F. C. Ejlali, G. Ferragamo, A. Gomez, A. Goupy, J. Hanser, C. Katsioli, S. Kéruzoré, F. Kramer, C. Ladjelate, B. Lagache, G. Leclercq, S. Lestrade, J. -F. Macías-Pérez, J. F. Madden, S. C. Maury, A. Mayet, F. Monfardini, A. Moyer-Anin, A. Muñoz-Echeverría, M. Myserlis, I. Nguyen-Luong, Q. Paliwal, A. Perotto, L. Pisano, G. Ponthieu, N. Revéret, V. Ritacco, A. Roussel, H. Ruppin, F. Sánchez-Portal, M. Savorgnano, S. Schuster, K. Sievers, A. Tucker, C. Zylka, R.
author_facet	Zhou, Ji-Xuan Peretto, Nicolas Rigby, A. J. Adam, R. Ade, P. Ajeddig, H. Amarantidis, S. André, P. Aussel, H. Bacmann, A. Beelen, A. Benoît, A. Berta, S. Béthermin, M. Bongiovanni, A. Bounmy, J. Bourrion, O. Calvo, M. Catalano, A. Chérouvrier, D. De Petris, M. Désert, F. -X. Doyle, S. Driessen, E. F. C. Ejlali, G. Ferragamo, A. Gomez, A. Goupy, J. Hanser, C. Katsioli, S. Kéruzoré, F. Kramer, C. Ladjelate, B. Lagache, G. Leclercq, S. Lestrade, J. -F. Macías-Pérez, J. F. Madden, S. C. Maury, A. Mayet, F. Monfardini, A. Moyer-Anin, A. Muñoz-Echeverría, M. Myserlis, I. Nguyen-Luong, Q. Paliwal, A. Perotto, L. Pisano, G. Ponthieu, N. Revéret, V. Ritacco, A. Roussel, H. Ruppin, F. Sánchez-Portal, M. Savorgnano, S. Schuster, K. Sievers, A. Tucker, C. Zylka, R.
contents	The processes governing protostellar mass growth remain debated, although episodic accretion is now understood as a key feature of protostellar evolution across all masses. Luminosity bursts have been observed in both low- and high-mass protostars, but the overall statistics remain limited, especially for high-mass objects. Over the past decade, numerical simulations of high-mass core collapse have provided a theoretical framework for interpreting protostellar variability, yet additional observational constraints are required to determine the characteristics and importance of bursts. In this work, we analyse data from GASTON-GP programme, which mapped a 2.4 square degrees region of the Galactic plane (centred at l = 24 deg) at 1.15 and 2.00 mm using NIKA2 on the IRAM 30 m telescope. The survey obtained 11 epochs over four years, offering the first opportunity to study millimetre variability in a large sample of massive protostellar sources. From the combined dataset, we constructed catalogues of 2925 compact sources at 1.15 mm and 1713 at 2.00 mm. Using a dedicated relative calibration scheme, we generated millimetre light curves for around 200 high-signal-to-noise sources and identified one variable candidate. However, it is not protostellar. Consequently, we report no robust detections of variable protostellar sources in GASTON field. This is the direct consequence of observational limitations (i.e., sensitivity, resolution) combined with the lack of any 100-fold luminosity bursts during the observations, which is consistent with estimates inferred from isolated core collapse simulations. This study highlights the need for future high-resolution, high-cadence surveys to constrain the accretion histories of massive protostars.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05351
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2026
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects Zhou, Ji-Xuan Peretto, Nicolas Rigby, A. J. Adam, R. Ade, P. Ajeddig, H. Amarantidis, S. André, P. Aussel, H. Bacmann, A. Beelen, A. Benoît, A. Berta, S. Béthermin, M. Bongiovanni, A. Bounmy, J. Bourrion, O. Calvo, M. Catalano, A. Chérouvrier, D. De Petris, M. Désert, F. -X. Doyle, S. Driessen, E. F. C. Ejlali, G. Ferragamo, A. Gomez, A. Goupy, J. Hanser, C. Katsioli, S. Kéruzoré, F. Kramer, C. Ladjelate, B. Lagache, G. Leclercq, S. Lestrade, J. -F. Macías-Pérez, J. F. Madden, S. C. Maury, A. Mayet, F. Monfardini, A. Moyer-Anin, A. Muñoz-Echeverría, M. Myserlis, I. Nguyen-Luong, Q. Paliwal, A. Perotto, L. Pisano, G. Ponthieu, N. Revéret, V. Ritacco, A. Roussel, H. Ruppin, F. Sánchez-Portal, M. Savorgnano, S. Schuster, K. Sievers, A. Tucker, C. Zylka, R. Astrophysics of Galaxies The processes governing protostellar mass growth remain debated, although episodic accretion is now understood as a key feature of protostellar evolution across all masses. Luminosity bursts have been observed in both low- and high-mass protostars, but the overall statistics remain limited, especially for high-mass objects. Over the past decade, numerical simulations of high-mass core collapse have provided a theoretical framework for interpreting protostellar variability, yet additional observational constraints are required to determine the characteristics and importance of bursts. In this work, we analyse data from GASTON-GP programme, which mapped a 2.4 square degrees region of the Galactic plane (centred at l = 24 deg) at 1.15 and 2.00 mm using NIKA2 on the IRAM 30 m telescope. The survey obtained 11 epochs over four years, offering the first opportunity to study millimetre variability in a large sample of massive protostellar sources. From the combined dataset, we constructed catalogues of 2925 compact sources at 1.15 mm and 1713 at 2.00 mm. Using a dedicated relative calibration scheme, we generated millimetre light curves for around 200 high-signal-to-noise sources and identified one variable candidate. However, it is not protostellar. Consequently, we report no robust detections of variable protostellar sources in GASTON field. This is the direct consequence of observational limitations (i.e., sensitivity, resolution) combined with the lack of any 100-fold luminosity bursts during the observations, which is consistent with estimates inferred from isolated core collapse simulations. This study highlights the need for future high-resolution, high-cadence surveys to constrain the accretion histories of massive protostars.
title	GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects
topic	Astrophysics of Galaxies
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05351