Exocomets of $β$ Pictoris II: Two dynamical families of exocomets simulated with REBOUND
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Jaworska, K. P. Hoeijmakers, H. J. |
| author_facet | Jaworska, K. P. Hoeijmakers, H. J. |
| contents | We investigate the dynamical evolution of particles in the $β$ Pic system to determine likely formation pathways to the present-day observed exocomet populations. We aim to relate these results to similar studies recently carried out since the discovery of the inner planet $β$ Pic c. We simulate the $β$ Pic system using the non-symplectic adaptive N-body integrator IAS15 in REBOUND. We seed the system with over 100,000 mass-less test particles that evolve for 25 Myr, and adopt initial conditions and a particle distribution that closely matches similar simulations in recent literature. Using IAS15, REBOUND resolves close-encounters between test particles and the two gas giants in the system, which is crucial for understanding aspects of the dynamical evolution. Planet-disk interactions rapidly clear most of the system within 35 AU apart from a region within the orbit of $β$ Pic c, and a region between 20 and 25 AU. After 10 Myr, exocomets can be sourced continuously from these regions, as well as from the inner edge of the region beyond ~35 AU where particles are stable on longer timescales. From the region interior to $β$ Pic c, the exocomets are formed by excitation via mean-motion resonance with $β$ Pic c, obtaining a narrow distribution of radial velocities, consistent with spectroscopic observations. Particles initialized in the outer system may enter onto stargrazing orbits due to disruption by the two gas giants, causing a wider radial velocity distribution, and we propose that this population corresponds to a second dynamical family previously observed via spectroscopy. These particles typically undergo chaotic dynamical evolution for $10^2$ to $10^3$ years after passing the water sublimation limit at ~8 AU until reaching the sublimation distance of calcium near 0.4 AU, implying that the two families of exocomets may have different volatile contents. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05600 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Exocomets of $β$ Pictoris II: Two dynamical families of exocomets simulated with REBOUND Jaworska, K. P. Hoeijmakers, H. J. Earth and Planetary Astrophysics We investigate the dynamical evolution of particles in the $β$ Pic system to determine likely formation pathways to the present-day observed exocomet populations. We aim to relate these results to similar studies recently carried out since the discovery of the inner planet $β$ Pic c. We simulate the $β$ Pic system using the non-symplectic adaptive N-body integrator IAS15 in REBOUND. We seed the system with over 100,000 mass-less test particles that evolve for 25 Myr, and adopt initial conditions and a particle distribution that closely matches similar simulations in recent literature. Using IAS15, REBOUND resolves close-encounters between test particles and the two gas giants in the system, which is crucial for understanding aspects of the dynamical evolution. Planet-disk interactions rapidly clear most of the system within 35 AU apart from a region within the orbit of $β$ Pic c, and a region between 20 and 25 AU. After 10 Myr, exocomets can be sourced continuously from these regions, as well as from the inner edge of the region beyond ~35 AU where particles are stable on longer timescales. From the region interior to $β$ Pic c, the exocomets are formed by excitation via mean-motion resonance with $β$ Pic c, obtaining a narrow distribution of radial velocities, consistent with spectroscopic observations. Particles initialized in the outer system may enter onto stargrazing orbits due to disruption by the two gas giants, causing a wider radial velocity distribution, and we propose that this population corresponds to a second dynamical family previously observed via spectroscopy. These particles typically undergo chaotic dynamical evolution for $10^2$ to $10^3$ years after passing the water sublimation limit at ~8 AU until reaching the sublimation distance of calcium near 0.4 AU, implying that the two families of exocomets may have different volatile contents. |
| title | Exocomets of $β$ Pictoris II: Two dynamical families of exocomets simulated with REBOUND |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05600 |