Unified model for breathing solitons in fibre lasers: Mechanisms across below- and above-threshold regimes
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866914374588825600 |
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| author | Zhang, Ying Yuan, Bo Peng, Junsong Wu, Xiuqi Sheng, Yulin Ren, Yuxuan Finot, Christophe Boscolo, Sonia Zeng, Heping |
| author_facet | Zhang, Ying Yuan, Bo Peng, Junsong Wu, Xiuqi Sheng, Yulin Ren, Yuxuan Finot, Christophe Boscolo, Sonia Zeng, Heping |
| contents | The emergence of breathing solitons in mode-locked lasers presents a fundamental challenge for the theoretical modelling of mode locking, with the mechanisms underlying below- and above-threshold breathing solitons, and the origins of their distinct nonlinear dynamics, remaining poorly understood. Here, we develop a model that incorporates both spatial and temporal gain dynamics, enabling us to elucidate the origins of these two classes of pulsating states. We show that below-threshold breathing solitons arise from the interplay between Q-switching and soliton shaping, whereas Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion dominate the formation of above-threshold breathers. The model further captures the markedly different dynamical properties of these regimes. Experimental observations corroborate the simulations, validating the predictive power of the framework. Beyond providing a refined theoretical basis for ultrafast laser design, this work advances the broader understanding of non-equilibrium dynamics in mode-locked lasers and offers new perspectives on breathing soliton phenomena across diverse physical systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05850 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Unified model for breathing solitons in fibre lasers: Mechanisms across below- and above-threshold regimes Zhang, Ying Yuan, Bo Peng, Junsong Wu, Xiuqi Sheng, Yulin Ren, Yuxuan Finot, Christophe Boscolo, Sonia Zeng, Heping Optics The emergence of breathing solitons in mode-locked lasers presents a fundamental challenge for the theoretical modelling of mode locking, with the mechanisms underlying below- and above-threshold breathing solitons, and the origins of their distinct nonlinear dynamics, remaining poorly understood. Here, we develop a model that incorporates both spatial and temporal gain dynamics, enabling us to elucidate the origins of these two classes of pulsating states. We show that below-threshold breathing solitons arise from the interplay between Q-switching and soliton shaping, whereas Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion dominate the formation of above-threshold breathers. The model further captures the markedly different dynamical properties of these regimes. Experimental observations corroborate the simulations, validating the predictive power of the framework. Beyond providing a refined theoretical basis for ultrafast laser design, this work advances the broader understanding of non-equilibrium dynamics in mode-locked lasers and offers new perspectives on breathing soliton phenomena across diverse physical systems. |
| title | Unified model for breathing solitons in fibre lasers: Mechanisms across below- and above-threshold regimes |
| topic | Optics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05850 |