Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies in DESI DR1: Connections to Galaxies in the Early Universe

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Main Authors:	Sui, Jipeng, Zou, Hu, Scholte, Dirk, Saintonge, Amélie, Mezcua, Mar, Siudek, Malgorzata, Li, Wenxiong, Guo, Wei-Jian, Liu, Shufei, Xiao, Yunao, Prada, Francisco, Zou, Siwei, Aguilar, Jessica Nicole, Ahlen, Steven, Prieto, Carlos Allende, Bianchi, Davide, Brooks, David, Chang, Yu-Ling, Claybaugh, Todd, Cuceu, Andrei, de la Macorra, Axel, Doel, Peter, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Gaztañaga, Enrique, Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A, Gutierrez, Gaston, Hahn, ChangHoon, Joyce, Dick, Kehoe, Robert, Landriau, Martin, Guillou, Laurent Le, Luo, Yifei, Meisner, Aaron, Miquel, Ramon, Nadathur, Seshadri, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Percival, Will, Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi, Rossi, Graziano, Sanchez, Eusebio, Schlegel, David, Seo, Hee-Jong, Silber, Joseph Harry, Sprayberry, David, Tarlé, Gregory, Weaver, Benjamin Alan
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Astrophysics of Galaxies
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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author	Sui, Jipeng Zou, Hu Scholte, Dirk Saintonge, Amélie Mezcua, Mar Siudek, Malgorzata Li, Wenxiong Guo, Wei-Jian Liu, Shufei Xiao, Yunao Prada, Francisco Zou, Siwei Aguilar, Jessica Nicole Ahlen, Steven Prieto, Carlos Allende Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Chang, Yu-Ling Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A Gutierrez, Gaston Hahn, ChangHoon Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Luo, Yifei Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Percival, Will Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Seo, Hee-Jong Silber, Joseph Harry Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin Alan
author_facet	Sui, Jipeng Zou, Hu Scholte, Dirk Saintonge, Amélie Mezcua, Mar Siudek, Malgorzata Li, Wenxiong Guo, Wei-Jian Liu, Shufei Xiao, Yunao Prada, Francisco Zou, Siwei Aguilar, Jessica Nicole Ahlen, Steven Prieto, Carlos Allende Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Chang, Yu-Ling Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A Gutierrez, Gaston Hahn, ChangHoon Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Luo, Yifei Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Percival, Will Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Seo, Hee-Jong Silber, Joseph Harry Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin Alan
contents	Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (XMPGs), defined as having metallicities below 10\% of the solar value, are considered possible local analogs to primordial systems and offer a unique window into early galaxy evolution. This study presents a large-scale search for XMPGs using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument DR1, systematically evaluating their resemblance to high-redshift galaxies. From a parent sample of over 14 million galaxies, we identify 656 (551 new) confirmed XMPGs and 767 (670 new) high-quality candidates via the direct $T_{\mathrm{e}}$ method. Results reveal that XMPGs follow a distinct star-forming main sequence (SFMS) that is elevated and shallower than that of the comparing star-forming galaxies. Notably, at higher stellar masses ($M_{\star} > 10^{7.5} M_{\odot}$), the XMPG SFMS converges with the sequence observed in high-redshift galaxies by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), indicating that mature XMPGs sustain star formation rates comparable to their primordial counterparts. Furthermore, XMPGs consistently deviate below the local fundamental metallicity relation, mirroring high-redshift galaxy behavior. These findings demonstrate that XMPGs not only exhibit low metallicities but also preserve scaling relations characteristic of the early Universe, confirming their potential value as local laboratories for studying early galaxy formation processes.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_05934
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2026
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies in DESI DR1: Connections to Galaxies in the Early Universe Sui, Jipeng Zou, Hu Scholte, Dirk Saintonge, Amélie Mezcua, Mar Siudek, Malgorzata Li, Wenxiong Guo, Wei-Jian Liu, Shufei Xiao, Yunao Prada, Francisco Zou, Siwei Aguilar, Jessica Nicole Ahlen, Steven Prieto, Carlos Allende Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Chang, Yu-Ling Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A Gutierrez, Gaston Hahn, ChangHoon Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Luo, Yifei Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Percival, Will Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Seo, Hee-Jong Silber, Joseph Harry Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin Alan Astrophysics of Galaxies Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (XMPGs), defined as having metallicities below 10\% of the solar value, are considered possible local analogs to primordial systems and offer a unique window into early galaxy evolution. This study presents a large-scale search for XMPGs using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument DR1, systematically evaluating their resemblance to high-redshift galaxies. From a parent sample of over 14 million galaxies, we identify 656 (551 new) confirmed XMPGs and 767 (670 new) high-quality candidates via the direct $T_{\mathrm{e}}$ method. Results reveal that XMPGs follow a distinct star-forming main sequence (SFMS) that is elevated and shallower than that of the comparing star-forming galaxies. Notably, at higher stellar masses ($M_{\star} > 10^{7.5} M_{\odot}$), the XMPG SFMS converges with the sequence observed in high-redshift galaxies by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), indicating that mature XMPGs sustain star formation rates comparable to their primordial counterparts. Furthermore, XMPGs consistently deviate below the local fundamental metallicity relation, mirroring high-redshift galaxy behavior. These findings demonstrate that XMPGs not only exhibit low metallicities but also preserve scaling relations characteristic of the early Universe, confirming their potential value as local laboratories for studying early galaxy formation processes.
title	Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies in DESI DR1: Connections to Galaxies in the Early Universe
topic	Astrophysics of Galaxies
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05934

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