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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07818 |
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| _version_ | 1866915845419040768 |
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| author | Arani, Masoud Salmani Shahidi, Reza Zhang, Lihong |
| author_facet | Arani, Masoud Salmani Shahidi, Reza Zhang, Lihong |
| contents | This paper presents the design and simulation of a new curved monopole antenna optimized for skywave HF radar applications, with a systematic investigation of the effects of curvature and fixed-section length on antenna performance. The proposed design achieves improved impedance matching, broader bandwidth, and enhanced realized gain compared to a conventional quarter-wavelength monopole at 15 MHz. Parametric analysis shows that fully bending the monopole degrades performance, whereas introducing a straight section and carefully optimizing the curvature enables a 18.5% gain increase and a 400 kHz bandwidth expansion. The single-element design is further extended to a 12-element linear array with 0.45λ spacing (where λ is the wavelength), demonstrating stable embedded-element behavior and improved low-to- moderate elevation gain for skywave over-the-horizon radar operation. At θ = 30°, the proposed array achieves 14.04 dBi compared to 13.11 dBi for the reference array, corresponding to 24% gain enhancement, which is significant in high-power HF radar systems. These results confirm that the proposed curved monopole antenna provides a compact, broadband, and scalable solution for next-generation HF radar arrays. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_07818 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Curved Monopole Antenna for HF Radar with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth Arani, Masoud Salmani Shahidi, Reza Zhang, Lihong Systems and Control Signal Processing This paper presents the design and simulation of a new curved monopole antenna optimized for skywave HF radar applications, with a systematic investigation of the effects of curvature and fixed-section length on antenna performance. The proposed design achieves improved impedance matching, broader bandwidth, and enhanced realized gain compared to a conventional quarter-wavelength monopole at 15 MHz. Parametric analysis shows that fully bending the monopole degrades performance, whereas introducing a straight section and carefully optimizing the curvature enables a 18.5% gain increase and a 400 kHz bandwidth expansion. The single-element design is further extended to a 12-element linear array with 0.45λ spacing (where λ is the wavelength), demonstrating stable embedded-element behavior and improved low-to- moderate elevation gain for skywave over-the-horizon radar operation. At θ = 30°, the proposed array achieves 14.04 dBi compared to 13.11 dBi for the reference array, corresponding to 24% gain enhancement, which is significant in high-power HF radar systems. These results confirm that the proposed curved monopole antenna provides a compact, broadband, and scalable solution for next-generation HF radar arrays. |
| title | A Curved Monopole Antenna for HF Radar with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth |
| topic | Systems and Control Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07818 |