An Efficient and Effective Evaluator for Text2SQL Models on Unseen and Unlabeled Data

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Main Authors: Pham, Trinh, Nguyen, Thanh Tam, Huynh, Viet, Yin, Hongzhi, Nguyen, Quoc Viet Hung
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Pham, Trinh
Nguyen, Thanh Tam
Huynh, Viet
Yin, Hongzhi
Nguyen, Quoc Viet Hung
author_facet Pham, Trinh
Nguyen, Thanh Tam
Huynh, Viet
Yin, Hongzhi
Nguyen, Quoc Viet Hung
contents Recent advances in large language models has strengthened Text2SQL systems that translate natural language questions into database queries. A persistent deployment challenge is to assess a newly trained Text2SQL system on an unseen and unlabeled dataset when no verified answers are available. This situation arises frequently because database content and structure evolve, privacy policies slow manual review, and carefully written SQL labels are costly and time-consuming. Without timely evaluation, organizations cannot approve releases or detect failures early. FusionSQL addresses this gap by working with any Text2SQL models and estimating accuracy without reference labels, allowing teams to measure quality on unseen and unlabeled datasets. It analyzes patterns in the system's own outputs to characterize how the target dataset differs from the material used during training. FusionSQL supports pre-release checks, continuous monitoring of new databases, and detection of quality decline. Experiments across diverse application settings and question types show that FusionSQL closely follows actual accuracy and reliably signals emerging issues. Our code is available at https://github.com/phkhanhtrinh23/FusionSQL.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_07841
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An Efficient and Effective Evaluator for Text2SQL Models on Unseen and Unlabeled Data
Pham, Trinh
Nguyen, Thanh Tam
Huynh, Viet
Yin, Hongzhi
Nguyen, Quoc Viet Hung
Computation and Language
Recent advances in large language models has strengthened Text2SQL systems that translate natural language questions into database queries. A persistent deployment challenge is to assess a newly trained Text2SQL system on an unseen and unlabeled dataset when no verified answers are available. This situation arises frequently because database content and structure evolve, privacy policies slow manual review, and carefully written SQL labels are costly and time-consuming. Without timely evaluation, organizations cannot approve releases or detect failures early. FusionSQL addresses this gap by working with any Text2SQL models and estimating accuracy without reference labels, allowing teams to measure quality on unseen and unlabeled datasets. It analyzes patterns in the system's own outputs to characterize how the target dataset differs from the material used during training. FusionSQL supports pre-release checks, continuous monitoring of new databases, and detection of quality decline. Experiments across diverse application settings and question types show that FusionSQL closely follows actual accuracy and reliably signals emerging issues. Our code is available at https://github.com/phkhanhtrinh23/FusionSQL.
title An Efficient and Effective Evaluator for Text2SQL Models on Unseen and Unlabeled Data
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07841