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Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions

Fuente: arXiv

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Auteurs principaux:	Akl, D., Antier, S., Koehn, H., Pang, P. T. H., Geng, J. J., Gill, R., Abdikamalov, E., Adami, C., Aivazyan, V., Almeida, L., Alshamsi, S., Andrade, C., André, Q., Angulo-Valdez, C., Atteia, J. -L., Barkaoui, K., Basa, S., Becerra, R. L., Bendjoya, P., Berdikhan, D., Bernaud, E., Boissier, S., Brunier, S., Burdanov, A. Y., Butler, N. R., Chen, J., Colas, F., Corradi, W., Coughlin, M. W., Darson, D., Dietrich, T., Dornic, D., Douzet, C., Dubois, C., Ducoin, J. -G., Laz, T. du, Durroux, A., Dutton, D., Duverne, P. -A., Dux, F., Elhosseiny, E. G., Esamdin, A., Filippenko, A. V., Fortin, F., Freeberg, M., García-García, L., Gillon, M., Globus, N., Gokuldass, P., Guessoum, N., Hello, P., Hellot, R., Hendy, Y. H. M., Hua, Y. L., Hussenot-Desenonges, T., Inasaridze, R., Iskandar, A., Jelínek, M., Karpov, S., Klotz, A., Kochiashvili, N., Laskar, T., Calloch, A. Le, Lee, W. H., Leonini, S., Li, X. Y., Lien, A., Limonta, C., Liu, J., López-Cámara, D., Magnani, F., Mao, J., Mašek, M., Méndez, E. Moreno, Menegazzi, L. C., Mercier, W., Mihov, B. M., Molham, M., Oates, S., Odeh, M., Peng, H., Pereyra, M., Pillas, M., Pradier, T., Rakotondrainibe, N. A., Reichart, D., Rivet, J. -P., Romanov, F. D., Sánchez-Álvarez, F., Sasaki, N., Schlekat, D., Schneider, B., Simon, A., Slavcheva-Mihova, L., Strausbaugh, R., Sun, T. R., Takey, A., Tanasan, M., Turpin, D., Postigo, A. de Ugarte, Wang, L. T., Wang, X. F., Wang, Z. M., Watson, A. M., de Wit, J., Yan, Y. S., Zheng, W., Zúñiga-Fernández, S.
Format:	Preprint
Publié:	2026
Sujets:	High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Accès en ligne:	Acceder al recurso
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author	Akl, D. Antier, S. Koehn, H. Pang, P. T. H. Geng, J. J. Gill, R. Abdikamalov, E. Adami, C. Aivazyan, V. Almeida, L. Alshamsi, S. Andrade, C. André, Q. Angulo-Valdez, C. Atteia, J. -L. Barkaoui, K. Basa, S. Becerra, R. L. Bendjoya, P. Berdikhan, D. Bernaud, E. Boissier, S. Brunier, S. Burdanov, A. Y. Butler, N. R. Chen, J. Colas, F. Corradi, W. Coughlin, M. W. Darson, D. Dietrich, T. Dornic, D. Douzet, C. Dubois, C. Ducoin, J. -G. Laz, T. du Durroux, A. Dutton, D. Duverne, P. -A. Dux, F. Elhosseiny, E. G. Esamdin, A. Filippenko, A. V. Fortin, F. Freeberg, M. García-García, L. Gillon, M. Globus, N. Gokuldass, P. Guessoum, N. Hello, P. Hellot, R. Hendy, Y. H. M. Hua, Y. L. Hussenot-Desenonges, T. Inasaridze, R. Iskandar, A. Jelínek, M. Karpov, S. Klotz, A. Kochiashvili, N. Laskar, T. Calloch, A. Le Lee, W. H. Leonini, S. Li, X. Y. Lien, A. Limonta, C. Liu, J. López-Cámara, D. Magnani, F. Mao, J. Mašek, M. Méndez, E. Moreno Menegazzi, L. C. Mercier, W. Mihov, B. M. Molham, M. Oates, S. Odeh, M. Peng, H. Pereyra, M. Pillas, M. Pradier, T. Rakotondrainibe, N. A. Reichart, D. Rivet, J. -P. Romanov, F. D. Sánchez-Álvarez, F. Sasaki, N. Schlekat, D. Schneider, B. Simon, A. Slavcheva-Mihova, L. Strausbaugh, R. Sun, T. R. Takey, A. Tanasan, M. Turpin, D. Postigo, A. de Ugarte Wang, L. T. Wang, X. F. Wang, Z. M. Watson, A. M. de Wit, J. Yan, Y. S. Zheng, W. Zúñiga-Fernández, S.
author_facet	Akl, D. Antier, S. Koehn, H. Pang, P. T. H. Geng, J. J. Gill, R. Abdikamalov, E. Adami, C. Aivazyan, V. Almeida, L. Alshamsi, S. Andrade, C. André, Q. Angulo-Valdez, C. Atteia, J. -L. Barkaoui, K. Basa, S. Becerra, R. L. Bendjoya, P. Berdikhan, D. Bernaud, E. Boissier, S. Brunier, S. Burdanov, A. Y. Butler, N. R. Chen, J. Colas, F. Corradi, W. Coughlin, M. W. Darson, D. Dietrich, T. Dornic, D. Douzet, C. Dubois, C. Ducoin, J. -G. Laz, T. du Durroux, A. Dutton, D. Duverne, P. -A. Dux, F. Elhosseiny, E. G. Esamdin, A. Filippenko, A. V. Fortin, F. Freeberg, M. García-García, L. Gillon, M. Globus, N. Gokuldass, P. Guessoum, N. Hello, P. Hellot, R. Hendy, Y. H. M. Hua, Y. L. Hussenot-Desenonges, T. Inasaridze, R. Iskandar, A. Jelínek, M. Karpov, S. Klotz, A. Kochiashvili, N. Laskar, T. Calloch, A. Le Lee, W. H. Leonini, S. Li, X. Y. Lien, A. Limonta, C. Liu, J. López-Cámara, D. Magnani, F. Mao, J. Mašek, M. Méndez, E. Moreno Menegazzi, L. C. Mercier, W. Mihov, B. M. Molham, M. Oates, S. Odeh, M. Peng, H. Pereyra, M. Pillas, M. Pradier, T. Rakotondrainibe, N. A. Reichart, D. Rivet, J. -P. Romanov, F. D. Sánchez-Álvarez, F. Sasaki, N. Schlekat, D. Schneider, B. Simon, A. Slavcheva-Mihova, L. Strausbaugh, R. Sun, T. R. Takey, A. Tanasan, M. Turpin, D. Postigo, A. de Ugarte Wang, L. T. Wang, X. F. Wang, Z. M. Watson, A. M. de Wit, J. Yan, Y. S. Zheng, W. Zúñiga-Fernández, S.
contents	Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often attributed to energy injection from prolonged central engine activity, refreshed shocks from delayed shell collisions, density jumps in the ambient medium, or angular jet structure and viewing-angle effects. After analysing the prompt emission observed in gamma-rays and the near-infrared, we investigate the origin of X-ray and optical flaring episodes in GRB 250129A. Physical processes in the afterglow light curves were investigated using methods ranging from empirical fitting to Bayesian inference. The well-sampled flares and the connection between the prompt and afterglow emission allow us to test the consistency of the fireball model and alternative scenarios. Conducting the prompt and time-resolved analyses, we obtained an isotropic-equivalent energy of E_iso,gamma = (1.35 +/- 0.12) x 10^53 erg. By modeling the afterglow using an agnostic Bayesian framework (NMMA), we rule out both a single external-shock evolution and a one-time energy-injection scenario. Numerical calculations show that the rebrightening episodes are consistent with refreshed shocks from delayed collisions between relativistic shells. Based on the consistency between our analyses of the prompt and afterglow GRB 250129A data, we find that two statistically significant rebrightening episodes occur within 1.1 days post trigger and can be explained by a sequence of refreshed shocks. Temporally and spectrally rich GRB datasets such as the one presented in this work, provide a powerful means to test current modeling frameworks.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_08555
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2026
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions Akl, D. Antier, S. Koehn, H. Pang, P. T. H. Geng, J. J. Gill, R. Abdikamalov, E. Adami, C. Aivazyan, V. Almeida, L. Alshamsi, S. Andrade, C. André, Q. Angulo-Valdez, C. Atteia, J. -L. Barkaoui, K. Basa, S. Becerra, R. L. Bendjoya, P. Berdikhan, D. Bernaud, E. Boissier, S. Brunier, S. Burdanov, A. Y. Butler, N. R. Chen, J. Colas, F. Corradi, W. Coughlin, M. W. Darson, D. Dietrich, T. Dornic, D. Douzet, C. Dubois, C. Ducoin, J. -G. Laz, T. du Durroux, A. Dutton, D. Duverne, P. -A. Dux, F. Elhosseiny, E. G. Esamdin, A. Filippenko, A. V. Fortin, F. Freeberg, M. García-García, L. Gillon, M. Globus, N. Gokuldass, P. Guessoum, N. Hello, P. Hellot, R. Hendy, Y. H. M. Hua, Y. L. Hussenot-Desenonges, T. Inasaridze, R. Iskandar, A. Jelínek, M. Karpov, S. Klotz, A. Kochiashvili, N. Laskar, T. Calloch, A. Le Lee, W. H. Leonini, S. Li, X. Y. Lien, A. Limonta, C. Liu, J. López-Cámara, D. Magnani, F. Mao, J. Mašek, M. Méndez, E. Moreno Menegazzi, L. C. Mercier, W. Mihov, B. M. Molham, M. Oates, S. Odeh, M. Peng, H. Pereyra, M. Pillas, M. Pradier, T. Rakotondrainibe, N. A. Reichart, D. Rivet, J. -P. Romanov, F. D. Sánchez-Álvarez, F. Sasaki, N. Schlekat, D. Schneider, B. Simon, A. Slavcheva-Mihova, L. Strausbaugh, R. Sun, T. R. Takey, A. Tanasan, M. Turpin, D. Postigo, A. de Ugarte Wang, L. T. Wang, X. F. Wang, Z. M. Watson, A. M. de Wit, J. Yan, Y. S. Zheng, W. Zúñiga-Fernández, S. High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often attributed to energy injection from prolonged central engine activity, refreshed shocks from delayed shell collisions, density jumps in the ambient medium, or angular jet structure and viewing-angle effects. After analysing the prompt emission observed in gamma-rays and the near-infrared, we investigate the origin of X-ray and optical flaring episodes in GRB 250129A. Physical processes in the afterglow light curves were investigated using methods ranging from empirical fitting to Bayesian inference. The well-sampled flares and the connection between the prompt and afterglow emission allow us to test the consistency of the fireball model and alternative scenarios. Conducting the prompt and time-resolved analyses, we obtained an isotropic-equivalent energy of E_iso,gamma = (1.35 +/- 0.12) x 10^53 erg. By modeling the afterglow using an agnostic Bayesian framework (NMMA), we rule out both a single external-shock evolution and a one-time energy-injection scenario. Numerical calculations show that the rebrightening episodes are consistent with refreshed shocks from delayed collisions between relativistic shells. Based on the consistency between our analyses of the prompt and afterglow GRB 250129A data, we find that two statistically significant rebrightening episodes occur within 1.1 days post trigger and can be explained by a sequence of refreshed shocks. Temporally and spectrally rich GRB datasets such as the one presented in this work, provide a powerful means to test current modeling frameworks.
title	Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions
topic	High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08555