How to formulate the $\mathbb{Z}_8$ topological invariant of Majorana fermion on the lattice

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Auteurs principaux: Araki, Sho, Fukaya, Hidenori, Onogi, Tetsuya, Yamaguchi, Satoshi
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2026
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author Araki, Sho
Fukaya, Hidenori
Onogi, Tetsuya
Yamaguchi, Satoshi
author_facet Araki, Sho
Fukaya, Hidenori
Onogi, Tetsuya
Yamaguchi, Satoshi
contents Topological invariants and their associated anomalies have played a crucial role in understanding low-energy phenomena in quantum field theories. In lattice gauge theory, the standard $\mathbb{Z}$-valued Atiyah-Singer index is formulated via the overlap Dirac operator through the Ginsparg-Wilson relation, but extensions to more general topological invariants have remained limited. In this work, we propose a lattice formulation of the Arf-Brown-Kervaire (ABK) invariant, which takes values in $\mathbb{Z}_8$. The ABK invariant arises in Majorana fermion partition functions with reflection symmetry on two-dimensional non-oriented manifolds, and its definition involves an infinite sum over Dirac eigenvalues that must be properly regularized. By carefully treating the boundary conditions, with and without a domain-wall mass term, we demonstrate that the ABK invariant can be extracted from Pfaffians of the Wilson Dirac operator. We further provide numerical verification on two-dimensional lattices, showing that the $\mathbb{Z}_8$-valued results on the torus, Klein bottle, real projective plane, and Möbius strip agree with those in the continuum theory.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_09354
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle How to formulate the $\mathbb{Z}_8$ topological invariant of Majorana fermion on the lattice
Araki, Sho
Fukaya, Hidenori
Onogi, Tetsuya
Yamaguchi, Satoshi
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Topological invariants and their associated anomalies have played a crucial role in understanding low-energy phenomena in quantum field theories. In lattice gauge theory, the standard $\mathbb{Z}$-valued Atiyah-Singer index is formulated via the overlap Dirac operator through the Ginsparg-Wilson relation, but extensions to more general topological invariants have remained limited. In this work, we propose a lattice formulation of the Arf-Brown-Kervaire (ABK) invariant, which takes values in $\mathbb{Z}_8$. The ABK invariant arises in Majorana fermion partition functions with reflection symmetry on two-dimensional non-oriented manifolds, and its definition involves an infinite sum over Dirac eigenvalues that must be properly regularized. By carefully treating the boundary conditions, with and without a domain-wall mass term, we demonstrate that the ABK invariant can be extracted from Pfaffians of the Wilson Dirac operator. We further provide numerical verification on two-dimensional lattices, showing that the $\mathbb{Z}_8$-valued results on the torus, Klein bottle, real projective plane, and Möbius strip agree with those in the continuum theory.
title How to formulate the $\mathbb{Z}_8$ topological invariant of Majorana fermion on the lattice
topic High Energy Physics - Lattice
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09354