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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09503 |
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| _version_ | 1866914381384646656 |
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| author | Martín, Fermín Moscoso del Prado Salhan, Suchir |
| author_facet | Martín, Fermín Moscoso del Prado Salhan, Suchir |
| contents | Phoneme frequency distributions exhibit robust statistical regularities across languages, including exponential-tailed rank-frequency patterns and a negative relationship between phonemic inventory size and the relative entropy of the distribution. The origin of these patterns remains largely unexplained. In this paper, we investigate whether they can arise as consequences of the historical processes that shape phonological systems. We introduce a stochastic model of phonological change and simulate the diachronic evolution of phoneme inventories. A naïve version of the model reproduces the general shape of phoneme rank-frequency distributions but fails to capture other empirical properties. Extending the model with two additional assumptions -- an effect related to functional load and a stabilising tendency toward a preferred inventory size -- yields simulations that match both the observed distributions and the negative relationship between inventory size and relative entropy. These results suggest that some statistical regularities of phonological systems may arise as natural consequences of diachronic sound change rather than from explicit optimisation or compensatory mechanisms. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_09503 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Modelling the Diachronic Emergence of Phoneme Frequency Distributions Martín, Fermín Moscoso del Prado Salhan, Suchir Computation and Language Phoneme frequency distributions exhibit robust statistical regularities across languages, including exponential-tailed rank-frequency patterns and a negative relationship between phonemic inventory size and the relative entropy of the distribution. The origin of these patterns remains largely unexplained. In this paper, we investigate whether they can arise as consequences of the historical processes that shape phonological systems. We introduce a stochastic model of phonological change and simulate the diachronic evolution of phoneme inventories. A naïve version of the model reproduces the general shape of phoneme rank-frequency distributions but fails to capture other empirical properties. Extending the model with two additional assumptions -- an effect related to functional load and a stabilising tendency toward a preferred inventory size -- yields simulations that match both the observed distributions and the negative relationship between inventory size and relative entropy. These results suggest that some statistical regularities of phonological systems may arise as natural consequences of diachronic sound change rather than from explicit optimisation or compensatory mechanisms. |
| title | Modelling the Diachronic Emergence of Phoneme Frequency Distributions |
| topic | Computation and Language |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09503 |