ODIN: Confirmation and 3D Reconstruction of Six Massive Protoclusters at Cosmic Noon
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Ortiz, Ashley Ramakrishnan, Vandana Lee, Kyoung-Soo Dey, Arjun Guo, Yucheng Pinarski, Ethan Raichoor, Anand Valdes, Francisco Aguilar, J. Ahlen, Steven Artale, Maria Celeste Bianchi, Davide Bliese, August Brooks, David Canning, Rebecca Cerdosino, Maria Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero, Jaime Gawiser, Eric Gaztanaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gronwall, Caryl Guaita, Lucia Gutierrez, Gaston Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K. Hwang, Ho Seong Jeong, Woong-Seob Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Kumar, Ankit Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Guillou, Laurent Le Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moon, Byeongha Moustakas, John Myers, Adam Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Park, Changbom Percival, Will Perez-Rafols, Ignasi Prada, Francisco Puvvada, Eshwar Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Silber, Joseph Harry Song, Hyunmi Sprayberry, David Tarle, Gregory Troncoso, Paulina Uzsoy, Ana Sofia Weaver, Benjamin Yang, Yujin Zhou, Rongpu Zou, Hu |
| author_facet | Ortiz, Ashley Ramakrishnan, Vandana Lee, Kyoung-Soo Dey, Arjun Guo, Yucheng Pinarski, Ethan Raichoor, Anand Valdes, Francisco Aguilar, J. Ahlen, Steven Artale, Maria Celeste Bianchi, Davide Bliese, August Brooks, David Canning, Rebecca Cerdosino, Maria Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero, Jaime Gawiser, Eric Gaztanaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gronwall, Caryl Guaita, Lucia Gutierrez, Gaston Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K. Hwang, Ho Seong Jeong, Woong-Seob Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Kumar, Ankit Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Guillou, Laurent Le Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moon, Byeongha Moustakas, John Myers, Adam Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Park, Changbom Percival, Will Perez-Rafols, Ignasi Prada, Francisco Puvvada, Eshwar Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Silber, Joseph Harry Song, Hyunmi Sprayberry, David Tarle, Gregory Troncoso, Paulina Uzsoy, Ana Sofia Weaver, Benjamin Yang, Yujin Zhou, Rongpu Zou, Hu |
| contents | Protoclusters represent sites of accelerated galaxy formation and extreme astrophysical activity characteristic of dense environments. Identifying massive protoclusters and mapping their spatial structures are therefore crucial first steps in understanding how the large-scale environment influences galaxy evolution. We combine wide-field Ly$α$ imaging from the ODIN survey with extensive DESI and ancillary spectroscopy across the extended COSMOS and XMM-LSS fields ($\approx$14 deg$^2$) to search for massive protoclusters. We confirm six systems at $z\approx 2.4$ and $z\approx 3.1$, reconstruct their three-dimensional structures, estimate descendant halo masses, and, for one structure at $z\approx 3.12$, demonstrate that overlapping narrowband filters ($NB497$ and $N501$) provide accurate redshift tomography for emission-line galaxies. One protocluster at $z\approx 2.45$ overlaps with one of the LATIS tomographic fields, enabling direct comparison between galaxy and H {\sc i} overdensities traced by Ly$α$ forest absorption. Another at $z\approx 3.12$ hosts a massive quiescent galaxy ($M_{\ast} \approx 1.2 \times 10^{11}M_\odot$), indicating early quenching in a dense environment. By comparing Ly$α$ emission properties across environments, we find that protocluster galaxies exhibit higher median line fluxes and a deficit of faint emitters relative to the field. The effect is strongest when both 2D and 3D density information are combined, indicating that galaxies in the densest protocluster cores are most affected by environmental processes. This effect is stronger at $z\approx3.1$ than at $z\approx2.4$, suggesting possible redshift evolution. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_09739 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | ODIN: Confirmation and 3D Reconstruction of Six Massive Protoclusters at Cosmic Noon Ortiz, Ashley Ramakrishnan, Vandana Lee, Kyoung-Soo Dey, Arjun Guo, Yucheng Pinarski, Ethan Raichoor, Anand Valdes, Francisco Aguilar, J. Ahlen, Steven Artale, Maria Celeste Bianchi, Davide Bliese, August Brooks, David Canning, Rebecca Cerdosino, Maria Claybaugh, Todd Cuceu, Andrei de la Macorra, Axel Doel, Peter Forero, Jaime Gawiser, Eric Gaztanaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gronwall, Caryl Guaita, Lucia Gutierrez, Gaston Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K. Hwang, Ho Seong Jeong, Woong-Seob Joyce, Dick Kehoe, Robert Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Kumar, Ankit Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Lee, Jaehyun Lee, Seong-Kook Guillou, Laurent Le Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moon, Byeongha Moustakas, John Myers, Adam Nadathur, Seshadri Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Park, Changbom Percival, Will Perez-Rafols, Ignasi Prada, Francisco Puvvada, Eshwar Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Silber, Joseph Harry Song, Hyunmi Sprayberry, David Tarle, Gregory Troncoso, Paulina Uzsoy, Ana Sofia Weaver, Benjamin Yang, Yujin Zhou, Rongpu Zou, Hu Astrophysics of Galaxies Protoclusters represent sites of accelerated galaxy formation and extreme astrophysical activity characteristic of dense environments. Identifying massive protoclusters and mapping their spatial structures are therefore crucial first steps in understanding how the large-scale environment influences galaxy evolution. We combine wide-field Ly$α$ imaging from the ODIN survey with extensive DESI and ancillary spectroscopy across the extended COSMOS and XMM-LSS fields ($\approx$14 deg$^2$) to search for massive protoclusters. We confirm six systems at $z\approx 2.4$ and $z\approx 3.1$, reconstruct their three-dimensional structures, estimate descendant halo masses, and, for one structure at $z\approx 3.12$, demonstrate that overlapping narrowband filters ($NB497$ and $N501$) provide accurate redshift tomography for emission-line galaxies. One protocluster at $z\approx 2.45$ overlaps with one of the LATIS tomographic fields, enabling direct comparison between galaxy and H {\sc i} overdensities traced by Ly$α$ forest absorption. Another at $z\approx 3.12$ hosts a massive quiescent galaxy ($M_{\ast} \approx 1.2 \times 10^{11}M_\odot$), indicating early quenching in a dense environment. By comparing Ly$α$ emission properties across environments, we find that protocluster galaxies exhibit higher median line fluxes and a deficit of faint emitters relative to the field. The effect is strongest when both 2D and 3D density information are combined, indicating that galaxies in the densest protocluster cores are most affected by environmental processes. This effect is stronger at $z\approx3.1$ than at $z\approx2.4$, suggesting possible redshift evolution. |
| title | ODIN: Confirmation and 3D Reconstruction of Six Massive Protoclusters at Cosmic Noon |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09739 |