Almost-Optimal Upper and Lower Bounds for Clustering in Low Dimensional Euclidean Spaces

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Main Authors: Cohen-Addad, Vincent, S., Karthik C., Saulpic, David, Schwiegelshohn, Chris
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Cohen-Addad, Vincent
S., Karthik C.
Saulpic, David
Schwiegelshohn, Chris
author_facet Cohen-Addad, Vincent
S., Karthik C.
Saulpic, David
Schwiegelshohn, Chris
contents The $k$-median and $k$-means clustering objectives are classic objectives for modeling clustering in a metric space. Given a set of points in a metric space, the goal of the $k$-median (resp. $k$-means) problem is to find $k$ representative points so as to minimize the sum of the distances (resp. sum of squared distances) from each point to its closest representative. Cohen-Addad, Feldmann, and Saulpic [JACM'21] showed how to obtain a $(1+\varepsilon)$-factor approximation in low-dimensional Euclidean metric for both the $k$-median and $k$-means problems in near-linear time $2^{(1/\varepsilon)^{O(d^2)}} n \cdot \text{polylog}(n)$ (where $d$ is the dimension and $n$ is the number of input points). We improve this running time to $2^{\tilde{O}(1/\varepsilon)^{d-1}} \cdot n \cdot \text{polylog}(n)$, and show an almost matching lower bound: under the Gap Exponential Time Hypothesis for 3-SAT, there is no $2^{{o}(1/\varepsilon^{d-1})} n^{O(1)}$ algorithm achieving a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation for $k$-means.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_09846
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Almost-Optimal Upper and Lower Bounds for Clustering in Low Dimensional Euclidean Spaces
Cohen-Addad, Vincent
S., Karthik C.
Saulpic, David
Schwiegelshohn, Chris
Computational Geometry
Computational Complexity
Data Structures and Algorithms
The $k$-median and $k$-means clustering objectives are classic objectives for modeling clustering in a metric space. Given a set of points in a metric space, the goal of the $k$-median (resp. $k$-means) problem is to find $k$ representative points so as to minimize the sum of the distances (resp. sum of squared distances) from each point to its closest representative. Cohen-Addad, Feldmann, and Saulpic [JACM'21] showed how to obtain a $(1+\varepsilon)$-factor approximation in low-dimensional Euclidean metric for both the $k$-median and $k$-means problems in near-linear time $2^{(1/\varepsilon)^{O(d^2)}} n \cdot \text{polylog}(n)$ (where $d$ is the dimension and $n$ is the number of input points). We improve this running time to $2^{\tilde{O}(1/\varepsilon)^{d-1}} \cdot n \cdot \text{polylog}(n)$, and show an almost matching lower bound: under the Gap Exponential Time Hypothesis for 3-SAT, there is no $2^{{o}(1/\varepsilon^{d-1})} n^{O(1)}$ algorithm achieving a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation for $k$-means.
title Almost-Optimal Upper and Lower Bounds for Clustering in Low Dimensional Euclidean Spaces
topic Computational Geometry
Computational Complexity
Data Structures and Algorithms
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09846