3-D Trajectory Optimization for Robust Direction Sensing in Movable Antenna Systems
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866915853530824704 |
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| author | Ma, Wenyan Zhu, Lipeng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui |
| author_facet | Ma, Wenyan Zhu, Lipeng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui |
| contents | This paper presents a novel wireless sensing system where a movable antenna (MA) continuously moves and receives sensing signals within a three-dimensional (3-D) region to enhance sensing performance compared with conventional fixed-position antenna (FPA)-based sensing. We show that the performance of direction vector estimation for a target is fundamentally related to the 3-D MA trajectory in terms of the mean square angular error lower-bound (MSAEB), which is adopted as a coordinate-invariant performance metric. In particular, the closed-form expression of the MSAEB is derived as a function of the trajectory covariance matrix. Theoretical analysis shows that two-dimensional (2-D) antenna movement suffers from performance divergence for target direction close to the endfire direction of the 2-D MA plane, whereas 3-D movement can achieve isotropic sensing performance over the entire angular region. To achieve robust sensing performance, we formulate a min-max optimization problem to minimize the maximum (worst-case) MSAEB over a given continuous angular region wherein the target is located. An efficient successive convex approximation (SCA) algorithm is developed to optimize the 3-D MA trajectory and obtain a locally optimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed 3-D MA sensing scheme is able to significantly reduce the worst-case mean square angular error (MSAE) compared with conventional arrays with FPAs and MA systems with 2-D movement only, thus achieving more accurate and robust direction estimation over the entire angular region. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_10426 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | 3-D Trajectory Optimization for Robust Direction Sensing in Movable Antenna Systems Ma, Wenyan Zhu, Lipeng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui Information Theory Signal Processing This paper presents a novel wireless sensing system where a movable antenna (MA) continuously moves and receives sensing signals within a three-dimensional (3-D) region to enhance sensing performance compared with conventional fixed-position antenna (FPA)-based sensing. We show that the performance of direction vector estimation for a target is fundamentally related to the 3-D MA trajectory in terms of the mean square angular error lower-bound (MSAEB), which is adopted as a coordinate-invariant performance metric. In particular, the closed-form expression of the MSAEB is derived as a function of the trajectory covariance matrix. Theoretical analysis shows that two-dimensional (2-D) antenna movement suffers from performance divergence for target direction close to the endfire direction of the 2-D MA plane, whereas 3-D movement can achieve isotropic sensing performance over the entire angular region. To achieve robust sensing performance, we formulate a min-max optimization problem to minimize the maximum (worst-case) MSAEB over a given continuous angular region wherein the target is located. An efficient successive convex approximation (SCA) algorithm is developed to optimize the 3-D MA trajectory and obtain a locally optimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed 3-D MA sensing scheme is able to significantly reduce the worst-case mean square angular error (MSAE) compared with conventional arrays with FPAs and MA systems with 2-D movement only, thus achieving more accurate and robust direction estimation over the entire angular region. |
| title | 3-D Trajectory Optimization for Robust Direction Sensing in Movable Antenna Systems |
| topic | Information Theory Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10426 |